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| Posted: 21 Jan 2011 02:15 PM PST <相關文章>教育還是向上流動的途徑嗎？http://www.liberalstudies.tv/blog/ls_blog.php?&PHPSESSID=f086595d12410176898d7d78c145be32 影像串流: This posting includes an audio/video/photo media file: Download Now | ||||
| Posted: 21 Jan 2011 01:21 PM PST 上个月白宫发言人吉布斯（Robert Gibbs）在新闻发布会上说，总统奥巴马尽管工作压力很大，但自3月份以来一直努力戒烟。吉布斯表示他大概已经有九个月的时间没有看到过奥巴马抽烟了，这个花絮新闻曾引起媒体的广泛报道。作为总统，"老烟枪"这个头衔对奥巴马来说不是什么光彩的事，而他的妻子米歇尔早就对此很有意见，在奥巴马决意出马竞选总统时，米歇尔表示支持的条件之一就是奥巴马保证戒烟。  奥巴马签署《家庭吸烟预防和烟草控制法》 （照片：美联社） 奥巴马与许多年轻人一样，在十几岁时就吸烟并且上瘾，有关他戒烟的新闻一直是媒体关心的话题，早在他竞选总统成功将要入主白宫前，就有记者问他如果去白宫上班，抽烟问题如何解决？因为白宫作为联邦政府的物业是禁烟的，当时奥巴马表示他已经基本戒烟，只是偶然会抽几口，但决不会违反白宫的禁烟规定。现在看来，奥巴马的戒烟努力虽然不是一帆风顺但还是有进展的。 我曾经写过一篇"我喜欢住在美国的N个理由"的博文，其中一个理由就是公共场所禁烟。我到美国后，发现在公共场合吸烟的人很少，尤其是在办公楼、学校、图书馆、电影院、体育馆、餐馆、医院、商店等人群聚集的地方，已经基本上是无烟区了。对于我这个不吸烟的人来说，无烟区是美国给我的额外奖赏。 美国国会并没有制定任何全国性的禁烟法规，因此，禁烟的规定完全由各个州自由规定，不过，联邦制定的有关职业安全及健康的法律会影响到禁烟规定。目前全美有27个州实行严厉的公共场所禁烟令，禁止在任何公众场所，包括酒吧和餐馆吸烟（不过会有一些例外）；其余的州视情况不同采取不同的禁烟规定，主要是对酒吧、赌场以及旅馆等地的禁烟力度不同。 对于联邦政府机构来说，全面禁烟是在克林顿担任总统时期实现的。1997年8月克林顿发布总统行政命令（EXECUTIVE ORDER 13058），规定联邦政府的所有办公楼全面禁烟，包括办公楼外进气管道区域。需要指出的是，无论是联邦政府还是地方政府，都没有制定法规对户外吸烟加以限制，但许多机构会根据健康理由制定一些特别的规定。比如我以前工作的机构规定，员工在政府楼外吸烟时，必须远离大门，以免进出大门的人吸到二手烟。我猜想奥巴马在白宫犯烟瘾时，很可能就是到户外吸上几口了。 奥巴马深知吸烟的害处，尤其是对青少年身心健康的危害，他自己就有亲身体会，他吸烟二三十年，要想戒除不易，按照白宫发言人吉布斯的说法，奥巴马时常靠嚼口香糖来抵抗烟瘾。所以奥巴马担任总统后不久，就迅速签署了国会通过的《家庭吸烟预防和烟草控制法》（Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act），该法案使食品和药物管理局在监管烟草行业方面获得前所未有的权力，可以说是反对吸烟团体的重大胜利。根据这项法案，食品和药物管理局有权要求香烟制造商降低尼古丁含量；有权禁止将尼古丁口香糖推销给年轻人；烟草公司也被要求在烟盒上贴上"吸烟有害"等字样。 | ||||
| Posted: 21 Jan 2011 12:22 PM PST 近日韩国媒体报道，中国军队最近进驻了朝鲜。据《朝鲜日报》引述消息人士的描述，2010年12月15日深夜，50多辆中国装甲车和战车从中国三合度过图门江，进入朝鲜会宁。与此同时，有人在中国丹东目睹军用吉普车进入朝鲜新义州。消息人士说："中国装甲车可能用来镇压骚乱，吉普车用来管制逃离朝鲜的难民。"而韩国《东亚日报》不久前报道，中国军队在2010年底向平壤派兵，名义上是向朝鲜军队现代化项目提供援助，派遣至少有数千兵力。报道说，鉴于中国与朝鲜的"血盟"关系以及朝鲜半岛的紧张局势，中国军队此次进驻朝鲜，"非比寻常"。 此消息甫一出炉，立即引起外界的强大关注。 虽然，《朝鲜日报》引述韩国总统府青瓦台官员的话声称 …… | ||||
| Posted: 21 Jan 2011 05:38 AM PST 广州地区电视生态环境恶劣，同业竞争之激烈有目共睹，这里集聚了境内外一百多个电视频道，数不胜数的栏目节目抢夺着越来越有限的眼球，相互模仿，缺乏创新，使频道、栏目和节目几乎是自己和自己的影子在进行生死大战，让观众产生审美甚至审丑疲劳。 实践告诉我们，注重创新、营销、品牌、策划和传播，能使我们走得更稳，也能使我们走得更远。我们必须打出自己的品牌，让观众一看到我们，就能联想到广州的、城市的、开心的、岭南文化等的概念，就能有会心一笑是自己人的感觉，这些，恐怕比一时一事的收视率更扎实，也更持久。 我们要明确自己的定位，也就是和竞争对手的不同之处，不同之处越大，生存空间越大，成功希望越大，品牌效应越大。模仿没有错，山寨也自有山寨的理由，但我们的频道、栏目(节目)，毕竟要有一点自己的东西，有原创的勇气，包括面对原创失败甚至失败得一塌糊涂的勇气。 说到失败，我曾经问过前市委书记一个愚蠢的问题，当时他是市长，我问他：林市长，你心目中的广州应该是什么样子？他的回答很生气，他说：广州就是广州，它永远是自己的样子，不是我想它变成什么样子!所以，我们当然可以学习和模仿湖南卫视、江苏卫视甚至TVB、BBC、NBC以及别的更牛的台，但最终的结果，我们还是要做回自己。 所以，我们要做符合自己品牌定位的一切事情；并且不断强调自己品牌的过人之处，作为传媒，电视需要保持自己的活跃形象以及影响力，与内容密切结合的专题策划尤为重要，如《广州好》系列活动，让我们的形象在城市各处闪现，不停地告诉观众：我是什么我是什么……；我们要善于制造引人关注的社会热点，比方说亚运，比如说春运，又比如把市长请上元旦倒数的现场。总之，不要轻易改变你的定位，而是要用一切方法不断的强化它，让它深入人心。 在网上找了幅漫画，上面有几句话蛮有意思： 
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| Posted: 21 Jan 2011 12:37 PM PST 埃里克·施密特卸任Google CEO的消息来得有点突然，但也算不上太大的意外。 过去10年，Google从一家200名员工，2000万美元年收入的小创业公司，成长为24400名雇员，300亿美元年收入的行业巨头，作为CEO，施密特引领了这个过程。单凭这一成就，足以让他进入最杰出CEO的行列。 对Google的两位年轻创始人来说，施密特是最好的商业和管理老师。尽管最初他们并不想要一位这样的老师，但迫于投资人的压力，勉强选择了一个在他们看来最不坏的人选。亚马逊的贝佐斯曾对多尔（Google的投资人之一）说："有些人就是想要划着一只橡胶皮艇穿越大西洋。他们想这样做无可厚非，问题是你是否能够容忍他们这样做。" 《撬动地球的Google》这本书中记录了这样的细节：施密特刚进入Google，发现他们竟然使用个人财务软件Quicken来管理公司财务和人员工资。可以想见，把一个编程夏令营改造成一架商业机器，施密特所耗费的心血。 佩奇和布林痴迷于技术和创造，施密特则擅长将杂乱的日常事务条理化，小心地规避可能的商业陷阱。这种三驾马车的管理架构，让Google在一段时间内所向披靡，甚至被奉为管理典范。以至于我们开始相信，Google的完美组合，将保证它持续创造奇迹，不断引来惊呼。 事实是，持续创造奇迹的是苹果，不断引来惊呼的是Facebook，而Google的光芒，正在被遮盖。想一想，上一次你为Google的产品而激动是什么时候？Google的股价在2007年突破700美元之后，就再也没有回到那个高度。 微软到30岁的时候才显出老态，而Google不过才12岁。 也许，是时候让那个敢用Quicken管理公司财务的人回来了，是时候让那个无视一切既有法则的人回来了，是时候让激情、活力和敏锐回来了，带着对施密特和过去10年的敬意。就像Google上市时那封创始人致股东的信中所说："Google不是一家传统型公司。我们也不打算成为一家这样的公司。" 我无法想象没有Google参与的下一个10年的互联网竞争。当38岁的佩奇回到他10年前离开的CEO位置，我希望能看到一个年轻10岁的Google。而那个正准备统治互联网的人，名叫马克·扎克伯格，1984年出生。 | ||||
| Posted: 21 Jan 2011 12:50 PM PST "美国历史画卷"（Picturing America）是国家人文基金会（National Endowment for the Humanities） 2002年启动的"我们人民"（We the People）计划的一部分，旨在加强对美国历史和建国原则的研究及理解。为了达到这个目标，该图片集把美国一些最重要的美术作品带进全国各地的教室，帮助学生们通过一些最伟大的艺术作品来了解美国历史和丰富多彩的风土人情，展现这个国家所经历的艰辛与辉煌。我们将在每周五为世界各地的中文读者献上这套历史名画赏析，希望借此为有意探究美国历史的读者开启一个独特的窗口。
图片赏析：虽然为乔治•华盛顿画像的都是当时最杰出的艺术家，但吉尔伯特•斯图亚特描绘的这位美国独立战争英雄和首任总统的形象如此广为流传，以致于美国人无法联想起另一个模样的华盛顿。在华盛顿去世后不到四分之一世纪，作家约翰•尼尔（John Neal）就说："我们现在想到乔治•华盛顿，脑海中只会出现斯图亚特所画的华盛顿"。 斯图亚特出身于罗得岛州纽波特（Newport）一个来自苏格兰的移民家庭，父亲以研磨鼻烟用的烟草为生。在殖民时期的美国，烟草是重要的商品。斯图亚特师从一位没有受过正规训练的画匠，不久就凭借出色的天赋获得了一批重要客户。在独立战争前夕，他启程前往英格兰学习欧洲传统艺术。在他18年的国外生活中，斯图亚特以肖像画家知名，最擅长画真人模特。他采用叠加上色的方法，而不是把颜料混在一起，用他的话来说，就是"彼此渗透，像血色透过天然皮肤一般"。 他富有魅力，能够使客户在画像过程中感到毫无拘束，因此得以捕捉客户的内在性格（根据一套称为相貌学的理论），他认为一个人的外貌会反映其性格。在斯图亚特看来，华盛顿的外貌特征显示出他是一个充满热忱的人。画家的女儿于1867年接受访问时回忆说，她父亲曾对一位友人提及这一点，还说总统能够很好地控制自己的脾气。当这位友人将这话转述给华盛顿一家人时，马莎（Martha，华盛顿夫人）吃了一惊，但总统仅仅笑着说："他说得对。" 吉尔伯特•斯图亚特于1793年返国，不久就前往当时最大城市暨新国家临时首都费城，寻求为总统画像的机会。为这样一位受崇敬的人物画像将会给艺术家带来名气和更多生意。当时还没有大量复制的技术，画家能靠复制原画大赚一笔，不管是亲自动手或是制作版画 （版权自留）。斯图亚特知道，美国人和许多外国人都希望有一幅乔治•华盛顿的画像。 到了1795年，斯图亚特完成总统三幅画像中的第一幅，且立即取得成功。此后，华盛顿至少又为斯图亚特当了一次模特，时间是1796年4月。1797年，总统和妻子拜访画家，现今陈列于波士顿图书馆（Boston Athenaeum）的那幅未完成半身肖像可能即起源于这次访问。每当人们从衣袋中掏出一元美钞时，都会看得到这幅画中的华盛顿。 这里复制的蓝斯多恩（Lansdowne）全身肖像描绘了身为国家创始人和领导人的华盛顿，它是斯图亚特享誉最高的作品之一，完成于1796年，客户为蓝斯多恩第一任侯爵、十分崇拜华盛顿的威廉•佩第（William Petty）。作品沿袭欧洲传统贵族画像的华丽手法：总统摆出古典演说家的站姿，背景由帷幕﹑廊柱和少许风景构成，但细部却明显与美国相关。华盛顿身着用于正式场合的黑色天鹅绒衣袍，桌子上摆放着几册《联邦主义者文集》（Federalist）和《国会期刊》（Journal of Congress），象征着政府的基础和华盛顿的国家元首身份。椅背上有着星条旗装饰的大徽章是美国国玺的一部分。当这幅肖像于两年后在纽约市展示时，一则广告描述说："场景中散布着他为国家效力的种种物证，令人想起长期以来接连不断的疾风暴雨，现在风暴已经过去，背景中的彩虹即为隐喻。" 很多传闻轶事都提到斯图亚特在挖掘华盛顿个性上所遇到的困难，因为总统总是摆出一副公众形象。最后，画家凭借其出色的口才终于使总统显露出自然本色。在这一点上他显然很成功，后来华盛顿的孙子指出，蓝斯多恩肖像"最像总统后来的样子"。 | ||||
| Please adopt the Seasonal Influenza Vaccination 2011 Posted: 21 Jan 2011 11:37 AM PST Please adopt the Seasonal Influenza Vaccination 2011 http://hk.myblog.yahoo.com/lwmlung/article?mid=3685 Information Provided by: Department of Health, Hong Kong Hong Kong is now in the peak period of influenza accordingly to the Department of Health, Hong Kong. Southern Democratic Alliance thinks that it is important to tell the ethnic minorities to adopt the Seasonal Influenza Vaccination also, especially for elderly and children. It will effectively reduces influenza complications. Please ask your doctor for more information. Please visit the Southern Democratic Alliance youtube channel for : Please adopt the Seasonal Influenza Vaccination 2011: English version Please adopt the Seasonal Influenza Vaccination 2011: Nepali version 影像串流: This posting includes an audio/video/photo media file: Download Now | ||||
| Posted: 21 Jan 2011 10:34 AM PST 1930年代的中国人只要是关心国事的，都知道中国有两大片土地被帝国主义列强所侵占：一是被日本帝国主义所侵占的东北三省，二是被英帝国主义所侵占的西南边陲的江心坡地区及片马边城。这两大片土地，是当时灼烧中国人心灵念念不忘的国耻家恨。 抗战胜利后，东三省被收复，但西南这片约相当于100个香港、整个安徽省的土地江心坡，则在1960年被中国大陆当权者大笔一挥，赠送给了"友邦"缅甸。与此同时，赠与的还有现今云南丽江县境外的边境重镇南坎。对1950年代后成长起来的大陆中国人，南坎和江心坡，早已是被遗忘的地名。 江心坡与南坎的历史与香港十分相同，但香港是中国大陆执意收回，江心坡与南坎却轻易放弃。两相比较，使人感到 …… | ||||
| Posted: 21 Jan 2011 10:30 AM PST 
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| Posted: 20 Jan 2011 08:00 AM PST 觉得很奇葩的一件事,群里某人朋友被传销组织开除的故事 ======================= 天天上课就睡觉，一吃饭才来精神，比谁都吃得多，晚上还要喝得烂醉，非礼其他学员 当其他人等待营救的时候，他被开除了 ============== 求RP求好运~ 原来还有这样的逃离方法? 豆瓣看的，看过勿喷。 那次在宁夏，认识一德国哥们。以前是某国外通讯社的驻京记者，后来，跟人合伙在后海开了一酒吧。 说着一口地道的中国话，可惜，是北京话和河南话的综合体。 后来的某天，几个人一起去后海找他，正逢这厮在骂街。极似泼妇上身，掐着腰，指着鼻子跟一老美对骂。就是不动手。 可是，这厮的英文词汇量明显太少，老美都是变着花儿的成串成串吐脏字。这厮倒好，说来说去，只有"fu ck you mama，fu ck you baba"，或者"your sister is my dog"之类的，文雅至极，毫无杀伤力。 可能是看见我们来了，丫突然有了灵感。 德军：我操你大爷！看你丫内操行！ 美军：……………… 德军：嫩MA了个臭B的，嫩全家都是臭婊子。 美军：……………… 德军：你个狗日的美帝国鬼子，日嫩奶奶个腿。 美军：……………… 德军：再看，你个鳖孙，打你丫挺的。 美军：……………… 老美没料到，这厮竟然不按套路出牌。一句话都没还上嘴，灰溜溜走了。 看到德美战役取得全面性胜利，德方那位五大三粗的爷们，狠狠地撂了一句："小熊货！还想跟老娘斗？？呸………………" 我们在旁边，愕然。一身冷汗。 美德战役 奥巴马招待槑槑的国宴上，朗朗演奏了一曲抗美援朝名曲《我的祖国》。 背景一：我八三年出生的，小时候，老妈很严厉，我很怕她 背景二：八几年的生产队有个晾谷场，场上有个石墩，用来碾刚收割的稻子的 ------------------------------------------------------ 小时候很淘，经常偷偷跟小朋友去河边玩，为此老妈警告过N次。某次又去河边，把短裤弄湿了，后来。。。后来有人看到石墩上爬着个小男孩蹶着屁股，就问"你干嘛呢？"答曰："晒裤子。。。"后来老妈经常拿这事来笑话我。。。 还有一次（这次我还有印象的）又把裤子弄湿了，天黑了，没法晒裤子了，听到老妈在喊我，不敢回家，跑到菜地里躲着，害得全村人都出来找我。。。 妈操劳一生，去年因胃癌晚期在爸爸的怀里去世，妈！你知道我想你吗？你给我张罗的房子去年就建好了，刚刚腊月14我们搬进去了！你怎么不来住啊？你舍得我吗？你一直担心我的婚事，我正月初六就把你儿媳娶回家，你怎么不来享享清福啊？我想你，妈！ 妈，天堂里别为我再操心了，儿懂事了！ 感动到想哭,新服务器速度真不错.今天疯狂的审核了120页的秘密,还剩下140页,明天继续加油.秘密的评论也把积压的全部几千条都审核完了.秘密那边总算可以接近正常运转了... 糗百这边如果看到有老贴乱转\非糗事的比如政治贴之类的被通过的话,请大家积极使用小纸条功能告诉我帖子编号...我看到后会删除. 累死我了 CNT 朋友路痴 去新加坡出差 怕走丢 纠结中 看见自家的车 有了主意 ………… 后来他媳妇开车 就发现 GPS 不见了………… GC 灰机上 朋友洋洋得意的打开了GPS 警示器滴滴滴滴的响起…………………… 您超速！……超速！……超速！！！！ 乘客：…… 空姐：…… 灰机：……………… 跟你坐在一起忒丢人了…… 刚刚看见的一条状态：我从小到大都没做过坏事，真对不住这张鬼鬼祟祟的脸… 鬼鬼祟祟 1：今年，好几个村做业绩，都给群众建了篮球场。 大叔大妈们都很开心。 他们终于找到地方晒粉条了。 2：小时候最怕父母吵架。更怕他们丢东西。 只要他们一开始吵，我赶紧就飞身上前，把他们身边所有东西都拿走。 有一次，他们站在电视机旁边吵。。。 我力气不够。 呃。。砸脚上了。 3：哥们叫老币，贱人，不管在哪个场合，只要我说：好香啊。 他一定接一句：我刚才放了个屁。 。。。。 后来我学乖了，先问他：你刚才放屁了吗？ 他坚定地说：谁放了！没有！ 我说：哦。那好香啊！ 他楞了一下，果断说：我刚才拉到裤子里了！ 4：老币平常天天说自己猛男。每次洗完澡，都要自拍肌肉照。 非要让他女朋友新建相册，非要传满他的肌肉照，非要命名"猛男"。 前几天，我们看表演。 中间有个节目是人妖。人妖说喜欢中国的猛男。 结果老币就被我们推上去了。 后来他被他强吻了。（我新浪wb里有照片） 5：他给自己媳妇写了首歌，叫《交换记忆》。 他媳妇一直以为是《叫花鸡》。 6：前阵子，我在地摊上买了饱暖内衣。秋衣秋裤一套，59块！ 我179，买180的。老板说：买185的吧！ 我说：那么长我穿不了。 老板说：穿得了穿得了，听我的，买185的吧。 后来我买了185的。 结果，它居然会缩短！这是第二次洗，它洗一次缩一截！ 什么jb内衣啊！ 苍南派 突然前一晚才知道要出差，早上妻子送女儿去上学，我们一起出门了，于是一大早我们三个人往小区的门口走去，我们将要在门口分手向左走向右走时， 我对女儿说："宝贝，来吧，亲亲爸爸" 女儿还是不太想搭理我，于是我再次继续恳求她， 妻子也劝说她，"来吧宝贝，爸爸今天要出差了，你亲亲他吧。免得他一直念想" 我汗一个，继续求女儿"来嘛来嘛，宝贝，亲亲爸爸吧" 终于女儿不太情愿地亲了我一下。 我高兴地转身走了... 听见女儿对她妈妈说了句不耐烦的话："你老公还真娇气"~~~ ...... 娇气 亲亲爸爸 糗事百科是这个星球上最暴笑的糗事分享网站 :: 立即发表我的糗事 | 查看本月最糗的糗事 
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| Posted: 21 Jan 2011 07:23 AM PST
杨支柱
据2011年1月21日广州日报《广州5万"个人集体户"结婚生子或多条路》一文报道，一份名为《关于调整集体户口搭户政策、改进人才成长软环境的建议》的提案被评为广东省政协2010年优秀提案，该提案建议放宽了用人单位设立集体户口条件，以解决户口挂靠在人才市场的5万"集体户"结婚生子的难题。在广州，人才市场一直要求集体户人员在结婚前迁出，而除了买方和投靠直系亲属外公安机关又不给办理迁入，以至于许多年轻人符合法定条件却无法结婚生子。 广州集体户口不能结婚媒体已经报道过多次了，我一直不敢相信，因为在我国结婚实行登记制度，只要符合条件民政机关就给与登记，并不需要谁批准。但因为我国公民生孩子实行生育许可证制度（实际上如此，法律上未必如此，把"生育服务证"解释为免交"社会抚养费"的优惠卷而非许可证显然更符合"生育服务证"的字面含义），许多其他地方，如北京，持集体户口的人办"生育服务证"或者给孩子上户口也会遇到麻烦，前几年北京昌平就有一个抑郁症患者因为无力买房从而不能给孩子落户，一气之下摔死了自己不到1岁的孩子。 集体户口在我国由来已久，但它实在是一个怪物。所谓"户"，就是"家"。明明不是一家人，但在户口登记时强行给你组织一个"家"，其中成年男女一大堆，有的你根本不认识。依我看，集体户纯属弄虚作假的"家"。 "放宽了用人单位设立集体户口条件"，无非是多制造一些弄虚作假的"家"，似乎还是有条件，因此也并不能完全解决5万"集体户"结婚生子的难题，同时却增加了一些用人单位的负担——需要设立一个户口管理员的职位。对于员工较少的单位，这是不堪承受的负担。 为什么不直截了当地要求政府依法行政，对于签订一年以上房屋租赁合同的广州户籍居民在承租房屋所在地登记个人户口呢？要知道由集体户口变成个人户口并不像外地户口准入那样涉及利益分配，租赁期限的要求又可以排除过于频繁的户口变动。如果觉得一年不够，两年总算稳定了吧？ 在亲友家借宿的，只要借用时间够长，也应就地落户；但不宜落户亲友家，应该另行开户，因为本非一家人，以防引起不必要的麻烦。没有任何一条法律规定一套房子里不能落两户，但是许多地方的公安机关却不给落两户，以至于许多人买了房还是迁不进户口，没有比这更荒谬的了。 不论公房、私房，只要租赁期限够长，并登记于房屋租赁管理机关就给登记个人户口。这样做好处非常多。 第一，可以立即结束人才市场非法剥夺持集体户口者结婚权利、生育权利的恶行。几乎在世界上所有的国家，限制结婚、生育权利的合同都是无效的，不被法律和法院认可的。广州的人才市场能长期限制"人才"结婚、生育的权利，这是广州的耻辱，给广州改革开放的形象抹黑不少。不管它有多少苦衷，这样做都是不应该的。由于不买房的人一般总是要租房住的，只要租房可落户，估计也就没有人把户口落在人才市场了，因此也就没有人结婚、生子会受到人才市场的刁难了。 第二，可以落实久违的"中华人民共和国户口登记条例"，解决人户分离造成的管理难题。全国人民代表大会常务委员会1958年1月通过的"中华人民共和国户口登记条例" 第六条规定，"公民应当在经常居住的地方登记为常住人口"，但是半个多世纪以来这一规定从来没有被认真执行，既增加了政府管理的难度，也极大地损害了全国人民代表大会及其常务委员会的权威。 第三，租房可落户，年轻人便不必急于买房，有利于阻止房价过快上涨。 第四，长期以来只有自有房屋和公租房才给落户，租赁私房却不给落户，骨子里是对私有财产的歧视。如果不问姓公、姓私，只问租赁时间长短，可以进一步消除这种歧视，更好地落实邓小平总设计师"不分姓资、姓社"的南巡讲话精神。 第五，如果租赁私房可以落户，承租人必定要求出租人签订比较长的租赁合同，并督促出租人到政府房屋租赁登记机构登记。这对于政府规范房屋租赁市场，收取房屋出租税费大有好处。 最后，如果租赁私房可以落户，估计集体户口这个怪物不久将退出历史舞台。
（新快报2011年1月22日） | ||||
| Posted: 21 Jan 2011 06:00 AM PST
http://news.sohu.com/20110120/n278992080.shtml 胡泳：社会成为假面舞会 盛世必与审丑长久相伴2011年01月20日16:08 "2011中国新视角高峰论坛----财富的榜样"于2011年1月20日在北京隆重召开。世界正在被中国财富驱动，但只有坚定的信念和理想会驱动这个国家持续成长。富裕的中国需要同样丰富的精神世界，谁是财富的榜样？富裕的中国应该怎样重新定义自己的角色？微博时代，搜狐公司与亿万网民共同分享答案，以下是北京大学新闻与传播学院副教授胡泳在"新视角论坛三：盛世与审丑"上的精彩发言：
主持人于威：我非常认同张鸣教授的观点，我认为现在的这种审丑方式是对一种虚伪的表述，或者整个社会两种不同的话语体系的一个巨大的反差。有人说网络也是有一个推波助澜的作用。丑的东西哪个时代都有，胡泳老师是专门做互联网研究的，你跟我们说一说网络在这里面起到一种什么样的作用。 胡泳：我跟张鸣老师一样，也是觉得"盛世与审丑"这个话题很有意思。盛世大家想到的都是浮华的闪着金光的东西，但是审丑要把这些闪着金光的东西戳破，露出里面的斑斑锈迹。因为问题提给我的是讲网络，我特别想说的是，无论是盛世还是审丑都是发生在一定的空间里面，所以我们看到盛世通常会发生在新闻联播中，发生在奥运会与世博会这样的集体活动中。 审丑主要是发生在网络上，用周立波的话讲这里是公共厕所，这是两个空间的并存，所以越是盛世越需要审丑，越有一个空间越需要另一个空间。我觉得审丑的东西好在什么地方？中国这个社会在一切层面都非常像一个巨大的假面舞会，大家都在一个假面舞会里面起舞，不论是政界、商界还是文化界，这个假面舞会特别虚伪。需要有一个小孩出来说原来你们所有人都没有穿衣服。需要有人把高高挂在空中的气球用针稍微戳一下，让那份虚假的膨胀爆破掉。所以这个审丑可能会审得很长久，可能在整个社会主义初级阶段都会伴随着这么一个根本的特点。 主持人于威：我们真的不再需要美了吗？我们文化里面最可贵的一点就是中国文化的传统。过去四大发明我们不说，其他的贡献里面最突出的一点就是精致性。现在我们的日子过得很糙，大家都糙着活着、说着、骂着。所有的这些精致性确实从我们的生活中丧失了。胡老师一直给我的感觉，就是您是一个很精致的男人。 胡泳：精致的问题张颐武教授回答更好。我不太同意朱大可关于凤姐的看法。 因为凤姐背后其实是有某些商业利益的。我们知道中国互联网上第一个网络红人是芙蓉姐姐，她当时崛起的时候还代表着这个社会中一些很向上的力量。但 是到凤姐这个地方，我认为中国互联网已经完成了完美的堕落。不同的是，有一个很重要的东西，各种有组织的力量进入互联网。在这个过程中可能你不能简单地把某个人在网上的活动单纯视为他个人的活动，因为这背后有很多各种各样的商业利益在推动这个东西。包括有一个著名的足球评论员说到央视的某记者和足球队的主教练，在博客里写到这样的东西，最后这女的告了两次都被驳回，法院判定这种案子，如果你关注互联网上的言论自由，关注名人的隐私权，这是一个特别的案子。这个案子严重地忽略女性在这个社会中应有的尊严、人格。这里面可能不简单是某个名人之间的争斗，有更复杂的事情在里面。 今天中国互联网上发生的很多现象都不能简单作为一个自发的现象来看待，后面有更复杂的作用。在这个过程中很多人达到一个程度，今天为什么要谈审丑，很核心的一个东西就是全中国丧失了羞耻感。审丑社会的第一个特点是虚伪，第二个特点就是没有羞耻感。因为我们把一些非常不能够见阳光的东西堂而皇之地在阳光下大晒特晒，并且引以为豪，晒的人不以为耻，看的人不以为怪。这个社会没有羞耻感，尤其是这个社会的很多精英没有羞耻感。 老话说，士之无耻，那就是国耻。把应该遮羞的东西当做旗帜在头上挥来挥去，希望赢得喝采。 主持人于威：再重新回到这个主题，大家可能会把盛世这部分忽略了，我们其实是一个比对的关系。在历史上至少有三个盛世，西汉、盛唐、康熙乾隆。这三个时代不仅有物质上的爆发，还有文化上的财富。所以有了司马迁、有了很多让中国人骄傲的文化遗产。现在除了像凤姐、兽兽、犀利哥这样的文化之外，我们找不到文化的标志和榜样。这是一件很遗憾的事情。 我们之所以想探讨这个问题我们还是想回归到美，还是想生活在一个对美有所追求的国度和人生的氛围中。这一点无可厚非。我也想问问各位嘉宾，你们认为我们还有没有可能在这个时间重拾中国丧失已久的文化？ 胡泳：朱老师从财富的榜样延伸到文化的榜样，这个延伸得非常好。文化之所以没有榜样，是因为在财富里面出现了问题。但这里面可能仅仅注意到商业的大旗起来以后，道德的标准降低了。其实还有一个更重要的问题是政治伦理。 真正好的文化产品在中国都是游走在边缘的。比如说左小祖咒先生。我常常讲，今天了解中国最好看的东西是什么，是那些独立的导演拍摄的纪录片。这些纪录片远远超过文学的力量、超过艺术的力量。它直面中国最重要的东西。 为什么这个东西是可贵的？因为谈到纪录片，在纪录片这个行业里，业内的一个比喻，"如果一个国家没有纪录片，就好象一个家庭没有相册。"当你翻开 你们家相册的时候，你会看到丑恶的照片吗？基本上不会。因为你会把所有不好的照片天然地剔除掉，尤其是当你有数码相机，你当时就剔除了。所以，这不是一个好的比喻，真正好的纪录片一定是既包括非常美好的事物，也包括非常多的你今天不敢正视、但是在未来某一天一定要迫使你正视的东西。这些东西可能是真正的中国文化中有力量的东西，而不是目前这么多的大片。如果你想要在现实社会中找到真实感，你去听一听左先生的音乐，或者是去看一看艾未未的艺术，看一看独立纪录片，这是真正文化的榜样。 主持人于威：刚才胡教授已经把我们这场论坛做了一个很好的总结。我希望明年我们再做这个论坛的时候能够把论坛的名字叫为文化的榜样。也希望我们这个国家、我们这个民族迎来真正的复兴。我们今天这个活动也变得特别有价值。谢谢各位的参与，非常精彩。
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| Posted: 21 Jan 2011 07:18 AM PST 80年代某日 我被迫出生 父母說 對不起 地球就快滅亡 沒有農田也沒有森林 80年代某日 我被迫出生 父母說 對不起 那個已不再是我們的政府了 腦子裡盡是別人的聲音 80年代某日 我被迫出生 父母說 對不起 我們的家已被瓜分 沒有所謂落葉歸根 80年代某日 我被迫出生 父母說 對不起 你不是人，你是資源 你裝飾了別人的夢 我們營役一生 我們生在車毀人亡的年代，甫出生就註定要英年早逝。 一直以為，我們跚跚來遲，錯過好光陰。可是看著面前的魔鬼死命掙托，「啊! 我們是來得太早了，這頭畜牲。」 | ||||
| Posted: 21 Jan 2011 07:40 AM PST A new ranking of economics departments, based on online voting. Thanks to Tyler Cowen for the pointer.  | ||||
| Posted: 21 Jan 2011 11:20 PM PST 杨支柱 据2011年1月21日广州日报《广州5万"个人集体户"结婚生子或多条路》一文报道，一份名为《关于调整集体户口搭户政策、改进人才成长软环境的建议》的提案被评为广东省政协2010年优秀提案，该提案建议放宽了用人单位设立集体户口条件，以解决户口挂靠在人才市场的5万"集体户"结婚生子的难题。在广州，人才市场一直要求集体户人员在结婚前迁出，而除了买方和投靠直系亲属外公安机关又不给办理迁入，以至于许多年轻人符合法定条件却无法结婚生子。 广州集体户口不能结婚媒体已经报道过多次了，我一直不敢相信，因为在我国结婚实行登记制度，只要符合条件民政机关就给与登记，并不需要谁批准。但因为我国公民生孩子实行生育许可证制度（实际上如此，法律上未必如此，把"生育服务证"解释为免交"社会抚养费"的优惠卷而非许可证显然更符合"生育服务证"的字面含义），许多其他地方，如北京，持集体户口的人办"生育服务证"或者给孩子上户口也会遇到麻烦，前几年北京昌平就有一个抑郁症患者因为无力买房从而不能给孩子落户，一气之下摔死了自己不到1岁的孩子。 集体户口在我国由来已久，但它实在是一个怪物。所谓"户"，就是"家"。明明不是一家人，但在户口登记时强行给你组织一个"家"，其中成年男女一大堆，有的你根本不认识。依我看，集体户纯属弄虚作假的"家"。 "放宽了用人单位设立集体户口条件"，无非是多制造一些弄虚作假的"家"，似乎还是有条件，因此也并不能完全解决5万"集体户"结婚生子的难题，同时却增加了一些用人单位的负担——需要设立一个户口管理员的职位。对于员工较少的单位，这是不堪承受的负担。 为什么不直截了当地要求政府依法行政，对于签订一年以上房屋租赁合同的广州户籍居民在承租房屋所在地登记个人户口呢？要知道由集体户口变成个人户口并不像外地户口准入那样涉及利益分配，租赁期限的要求又可以排除过于频繁的户口变动。如果觉得一年不够，两年总算稳定了吧？ 在亲友家借宿的，只要借用时间够长，也应就地落户；但不宜落户亲友家，应该另行开户，因为本非一家人，以防引起不必要的麻烦。没有任何一条法律规定一套房子里不能落两户，但是许多地方的公安机关却不给落两户，以至于许多人买了房还是迁不进户口，没有比这更荒谬的了。 不论公房、私房，只要租赁期限够长，并登记于房屋租赁管理机关就给登记个人户口。这样做好处非常多。 第一，可以立即结束人才市场非法剥夺持集体户口者结婚权利、生育权利的恶行。几乎在世界上所有的国家，限制结婚、生育权利的合同都是无效的，不被法律和法院认可的。广州的人才市场能长期限制"人才"结婚、生育的权利，这是广州的耻辱，给广州改革开放的形象抹黑不少。不管它有多少苦衷，这样做都是不应该的。由于不买房的人一般总是要租房住的，只要租房可落户，估计也就没有人把户口落在人才市场了，因此也就没有人结婚、生子会受到人才市场的刁难了。 第二，可以落实久违的"中华人民共和国户口登记条例"，解决人户分离造成的管理难题。全国人民代表大会常务委员会1958年1月通过的"中华人民共和国户口登记条例" 第六条规定，"公民应当在经常居住的地方登记为常住人口"，但是半个多世纪以来这一规定从来没有被认真执行，既增加了政府管理的难度，也极大地损害了全国人民代表大会及其常务委员会的权威。 第三，租房可落户，年轻人便不必急于买房，有利于阻止房价过快上涨。 第四，长期以来只有自有房屋和公租房才给落户，租赁私房却不给落户，骨子里是对私有财产的歧视。如果不问姓公、姓私，只问租赁时间长短，可以进一步消除这种歧视，更好地落实邓小平总设计师"不分姓资、姓社"的南巡讲话精神。 第五，如果租赁私房可以落户，承租人必定要求出租人签订比较长的租赁合同，并督促出租人到政府房屋租赁登记机构登记。这对于政府规范房屋租赁市场，收取房屋出租税费大有好处。 最后，如果租赁私房可以落户，估计集体户口这个怪物不久将退出历史舞台。 （新快报2011年1月22日） | ||||
| Posted: 21 Jan 2011 06:48 AM PST
本期的两篇文章： Infectious moods: How bugs control your mind 抢稿方法：
抢稿须知：
小红花试行规则如下：
积分奖励
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| Posted: 21 Jan 2011 02:31 AM PST
2011年1月16日——博客推动中国·博客之夜， 《博客天下》杂志邀请了300位知名Blogger齐聚北京 ，举行了一场盛大博客嘉年华。 活动旨在表彰在2010年通过博客这一平台在个领域做出卓越贡献的团体和个人，分设博客的力量、博客的善意、博客的乐趣、博客的智慧、博客的记录五个奖项。 经过评选，科学松鼠会最终获颁博客推动中国·博客的智慧奖项。 颁奖典礼上，颁奖嘉宾张颐武感言： 他们是一个致力于让"科学流行起来"的公益团体。他们正努力让公众重新燃起科学的热情。在这个科学思维极度匮乏的时代，科学松鼠会的松鼠们正用他们智慧的笔触，将那些晦涩的科学知识化为生动而不失专业的文字，为人们剥开一个个科学的坚果。 博客的智慧奖项和张颐武老师的颁奖词，这对于科学松鼠会来讲既是褒奖同时也是鞭策。 感谢《博客天下》将这个重量级的奖项颁给松鼠会，唯有继续前行，才能无愧大家的期许。 | ||||
| Infectious moods: How bugs control your mind Posted: 21 Jan 2011 06:47 AM PST The brain is supposed to be isolated from the immune system – but now it seems that happiness, depression and even mental illness really can be catchingFEELING happy? Down in the dumps? Or been behaving strangely lately? Besides the obvious reasons, whether or not you are happy or sad, or prone to depression or other mental illnesses, could be a consequence of an infection – or even down to the diseases that you didn't catch during childhood. "It used to be thought that the immune system and the nervous system were worlds apart," says John Bienenstock of McMaster University in Hamilton, Canada. Now it seems the immune system, and infections that stimulate it, can influence our moods, memory and ability to learn. Some strange behaviours, such as obsessive compulsive disorder, may be triggered by infections, and the immune system may even shape our basic personalities, such as how anxious or impulsive we are. The good news is that understanding these links between the brain and immune system could lead to new ways of treating all kinds of disorders, from depression to Tourette's syndrome. This is a massive shift in thinking. Not so long ago, the blood-brain barrier was thought to isolate the brain from the immune system. The cells that make up the walls of blood capillaries are joined together more tightly in the brain than elsewhere in the body, preventing proteins and cells getting into the brain. Now, though, it is becoming clear that antibodies, signalling molecules and even immune cells often get through, sometimes with radical effects. In fact, immune cells do not even need to reach the brain to influence it. Here we look at some of the effects they can have. Infectious moods: Bugs that cause bizarre behaviourSometimes it takes antibiotics, not a psychologist, to cure strange obsessions Sammy Maloney was a healthy, outgoing 12-year-old, who played in the school band, and liked nothing better than to dump his backpack after school and hang out with his friends in Kennebunkport, Maine. Then, in 2002, Sammy's personality began to change. "The first thing I noticed was that he was walking around the backyard with his eyes closed," says Sammy's mother, Beth Maloney. "I asked him what he was doing, and he said he was memorising." The next day, Sammy was again walking with his eyes closed and would only use the back door. Then he progressed to holding his breath while doing it, only wearing certain coloured clothes, and refusing to allow the windows to be opened, or the lights to be switched off. "Every single day was a new behaviour," says Beth. "We went from baseline to completely dysfunctional within a period of four to six weeks." Sammy was diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder, and then Tourette's syndrome. When he continued to deteriorate, a friend suggested testing Sammy for streptococcus – a common childhood bacterial infection that usually causes no more than a sore throat. "By this point he was totally emaciated and he was covered with scabs from scratching himself," says Beth. Sammy hadn't shown any signs of streptococcal infection, but it turned out he was infected. When doctors prescribed antibiotics, his symptoms began to improve. Within a few weeks he was playing board games with his brothers. "After six months of treatment, I knew that he would recover," says Beth. Sammy remained on antibiotics for four years, as every time the dose was reduced he had a relapse. Now aged 20, Sammy has none of the compulsions that blighted his youth. Madeline Cunningham at the University of Oklahoma in Oklahoma City says that, although extreme, Sammy's story isn't that unusual. She has spent years investigating behavioural disorders linked to childhood streptococcal infection, including Tourette's syndrome, an OCD-like disorder called PANDAS, and the movement disorder Syndenham's chorea, which is associated with tics and an inability to control emotions. Cunningham has shown that, at least as far as Sydenham's chorea is concerned, antibodies against one group of streptococcal bacteria can bind to receptors in an area of the brain that controls movement. Here they mimic the effects of natural signalling molecules, triggering the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which may explain the tics and emotional problems experienced by children with the disorder (Autoimmunity, vol 39, p 21). Not every child with PANDAS has similar antibodies, but for those that do antibiotics or drugs that suppress the immune system are effective treatments, says Cunningham. Preliminary evidence also links such antibodies to Tourette's syndrome. Cunningham stresses that there is no evidence that vaccination can trigger disorders like PANDAS. "You're more likely to get this from not being immunised," she says. Meanwhile, Betty Diamond of the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research in Manhasset, New York, has also shown that antibodies associated with the autoimmune disease lupus can get into the brain and kill neurons by binding to NMDA receptors. This might partly explain the mood changes and cognitive decline associated with the disease. Mouse studies suggest how behaviour is affected depends on what makes the blood-brain barrier leak, as well as on the antibodies themselves. When the barrier is compromised by inflammation, lupus-related antibodies damage the hippocampus, impairing memory. When the barrier is breached by stress hormones (adrenaline), the antibodies damage the amygdala, making individuals more fearful. The results were presented at a meeting of the American Association of Immunologists in Baltimore in May last year. "This could change the way we treat mental disorders forever," says Cunningham, who thinks antibodies influence the behaviour even of apparently healthy individuals. "Your immune system develops based on what organisms it sees, and it could be that your brain does too." Diamond agrees: "We have tonnes of antibodies even when we don't have clinical disease. I'm sure that some of these are having an effect on the brain." Infectious moods: The happiness injectionDown in the dumps? A shot of friendly bacteria could give you the boost you need It was meant to be a new way to fight cancer. The idea was that injecting a certain bacterium into people would stimulate their immune systems to destroy tumours. Unfortunately, the treatment had little effect on the survival of the terminally ill lung cancer patients in the first trial. It did have one unexpected effect, though: those injected with the bacterium experienced a radical improvement in their mood and quality of life. "It was supposed to be a double-blind study, but the investigators could nearly always tell who was on the genuine treatment because their whole attitude, their demeanour, changed," says Charles Akle, chair of Immodulon Therapeutics in London, UK. "They just looked better."
How can injecting a bacterium brighten someone's mood? We don't yet know all the details, but animal studies suggest that the immune response triggered by Mycobacterium vaccae causes neurons in the prefrontal cortex to release large amounts of serotonin, boosting mood and well-being (Neuroscience, vol 146, p 756). This might seem odd, given that immune stimulation can also lead to depression (see opposite), but our relationship with M. vaccae goes back a long way. Such "old friends" are thought to prime the immune system in interesting ways. "We think M. vaccae is inducing regulatory cells which will dampen down and terminate unwanted inflammatory responses," says Graham Rook of the Royal Free and University College Medical School in London. Whatever the mechanism, the discovery adds to the growing evidence that bacteria affect our mind as well as our body. "Bacteria and bacterial products can clearly have an effect on the brain and pathways leading to the brain," says Bienenstock. "There are quite a few papers now suggesting that you can influence behaviour, and that the microbiome has something to do with cortisol production, which are pretty hard-core, basic human reactions to stress and things like that." In fact, Rook recently proposed that one reason depression is so prevalent in western countries is because people are no longer routinely exposed to organisms like M. vaccae during early life. The "hygiene hypothesis" was originally proposed to explain soaring rates of asthma and allergies, but Rook believes it could also be implicated in psychiatric disorders (Trends in Immunology, vol 29, p 150). So could M. vaccae be used to make people happy? It is much harder to get approval to inject live bacteria into people with depression than those with terminal cancer, so Immodulon's next trial will be in people with prostate cancer. If there is a strong mood-boosting effect again, the company may focus more on its potential for treating depression. Ultimately, if the precise mechanism can be uncovered, it might be possible to develop drugs that mimic the bacterium's effect. Infectious moods: T-cell recallThe decline in our memories in old age could be partly due to the ageing of immune cells, opening up new prospects for treatments Could boosting the immune system keep your memory sharp as you age? Jonathan Kipnis of the University of Virginia in Charlottesville thinks so. Prompted by studies suggesting immune responses can help repair the nervous system, Kipnis and his colleagues created mice that lack CD4 cells, a kind of T-cell. They found the mice performed extremely poorly in tasks involving learning and memory, but when they were injected with CD4 cells from healthy mice, their memories improved (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol 101, p 8180). Similarly, when he killed CD4 cells in healthy mice, their memory declined. Further animal studies by Kipnis and others show that learning new tasks triggers a mild stress response within the brain, which prompts CD4 cells to rally to the meninges, the membranes that surround the brain. Here, they release IL-4, which both switches off the stress response and tells brain cells called astrocytes to release brain-derived neurotrophic factor, a protein that enhances learning (Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol 207, p 1067). Whether these animal studies are relevant to human learning and memory remains unclear, but there is some indirect evidence to support it. For example, many chemotherapy drugs suppress the immune system, which might explain why some people with cancer develop "chemobrain" – a term used to describe the cognitive problems and memory loss associated with chemotherapy. Sluggish immune cells might also explain why our brains slow down as we age. "The number one cell affected by ageing is the T-cell," says Kipnis. "I'm not saying it's the only factor leading to age-related dementia, but it could definitely be one of them."
If the immune system does play a role in human memory, this could lead to new classes of drugs to boost it. Kipnis is already developing such immune-based cognitive enhancers in mice, with the short-term goal of using them to treat Rett syndrome – a developmental disorder associated with behavioural problems that has recently been linked to abnormal T-cells. Ultimately, Kipnis believes such drugs could be used not only to reverse age-related cognitive decline, but also to boost memory in healthy people. "If you take a very smart human being you may not be able to make him smarter, but if you take someone who is just normal then you may be able to enhance memory," he says. Others are reserving judgement for the moment. "I think these experiments are very intriguing," says Bienenstock. It's hard to believe that the immune system and the nervous system do not effect each other, he says, but the extent to which this happens is unclear. And even if Kipnis is right, the dangers of meddling with the immune system mean we need to know what we are doing before trying to boost people's memory this way. Infectious moods: A depressing side effectChemical messengers from the immune system can wreak emotional havoc if they cross into the brain – even in people who otherwise seem healthy When we get sick, we often feel lethargic and lose our appetites. Our concentration suffers and we might feel anxious, depressed or anti-social. These changes are caused by signalling molecules called cytokines, which are released by immune cells in response to stress and infection. Although cytokines are too large to pass freely through the blood-brain barrier, recent studies have shown that they can enter through naturally occurring leaky regions and via specialised channels. They can also affect nerves that transmit signals into the brain. There is growing evidence that cytokines associated with inflammation can cause depression. For instance, if you inject a healthy person with interferon-alpha, an antiviral drug that prompts the release of inflammatory cytokines, they will begin to show symptoms of depression (Brain Behavior and Immunity, vol 23, p 149). "Cytokines can interact with virtually every pathway relevant to depression," says Andrew Miller of Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta, Georgia. And the idea that inflammation induces behavioural changes makes evolutionary sense too, he says. "Cytokines are trying to shut your body down so that you can devote your resources to healing. But at the same time, a wounded animal is a target so it needs to be hyper-alert in case a predator comes onto the scene." Miller also recently imaged the brains of patients receiving interferon-alpha to treat hepatitis C. His team found the drug activated the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, a brain region involved in error detection and conflict monitoring (Biological Psychiatry, vol 58, p 190). Similar patterns of activation have been observed in people who are highly neurotic and have obsessive compulsive behaviour. "If you get increased activity in that area of the brain, people tend to be more suspicious and perhaps interpret innocent remarks as threatening," says Miller. Besides infections and toxins, stress and obesity can also trigger the release of cytokines. "Obese people are two to three times more likely to be depressed, and adipose tissue is a potent source of pro-inflammatory cytokines," says Rook. For this reason, Rook believes that the immune system may well be affecting the behaviour and mental well-being of even apparently healthy people. "There are an awful lot of people going around with chronically raised inflammatory responses," he says. "It seems likely that they will be suffering some effects." The effects of cytokines are not all bad, though. Naiomi Eisenberger at the University of California in Los Angeles and her colleagues have found that some people become more sensitive to social pain when they are injected with a bacterial toxin that also boosts inflammatory cytokines. In particular, a cytokine called IL-6 seems to boost activity in brain regions involved in empathy (Neuroimage, vol 47, p 881). Findings like these could lead to new treatments. A trial is underway to see whether a drug that blocks one of the key inflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha, can alleviate depression, while other trials are investigating whether common anti-inflammatory drugs such as cox-2 inhibitors or aspirin might improve people's response to conventional antidepressants. | ||||
| Posted: 21 Jan 2011 06:45 AM PST 原文地址。 Can't we just enjoy cocktails at Christmas without worrying about the science behind them? Not if the molecular mixologists get their way. Hayley Birch ventures to the bar In Short
A few years back, Darcy O'Neil was tending the bar at a Canadian fine dining restaurant called Mint in London, Western Ontario. Sometimes, when the bar was quiet, he found himself chatting to customers – about this and that, but often about the drinks. It was the cocktail menu that really piqued their interest. What's in this one? How do you make that foam? Why shaken, not stirred? They weren't expecting scientific answers by any means, but that's what they got, because it was to his first love – chemistry – that O'Neil returned to satisfy their curiosity. Schooled as a chemist at the University of Western Ontario (also in London), O'Neil had since held several jobs in the petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries before taking a break from science to learn the 'art of drink', now the title of his cocktail blog, one of the most popular on the web. But if making cocktails is, as his blog proclaims, an art, it's one that's largely dependent on science. Though you will rarely see a vodka martini mentioned in a peer-reviewed paper, the scientific principles that go into creating the favourite tipple of Ian Fleming's James Bond are more sophisticated than some of his imaginary gadgets. And now, riding on the coattails of culinary institutes involved in 'molecular gastronomy', experimentalists in the cocktail business are employing scientific principles to take the drinks industry into entirely new realms. Service with science
O'Neil has since returned part-time to continue his career as a chemist at the University of Western Ontario. But recalling his days behind the bar at Mint, he says his scientific approach to mixing a drink raised more than a few eyebrows. 'Most people are surprised that a bartender is knowledgeable about these things, and they find it fascinating,' he says. 'Feeding them information on the scientific aspects of a drink is a great way to make their experience at the bar more enjoyable.' A simple example is O'Neil's 'Ramos gin fizz', a cocktail with its origins in 19th century New Orleans, US. Done right, it is the perfection of the shaken egg drink that was popular at the time, he says. And it's evident just from the recipe, with its precise timings ('blend for 20 seconds… shake for 30…') and quantities, that nailing this cocktail requires the maker to adopt the methodical approach of a skilled scientist.
60ml gin (Plymouth) *Simple syrup is 2 parts sugar dissolved in 1 part water Method: To make the foam, put the gin, cream and egg white, juice and syrup into the tin half of a Boston shaker (one that uses a glass instead of a lid). Blend for 20 seconds whilst lifting the blender to incorporate air. Add a scoop of ice, cover and shake for 30 seconds. Strain the drink (no ice) into a tall chilled glass containing the soda and flower water. Shaken, not stirred
Coming from a scientific perspective then, it's easy to understand the importance of a good shake to the texture of a cocktail. But what about the taste? Why, for example, would film spy James Bond have wanted to order a drink containing no trace of egg white – the vodka martini – shaken and not, as he was so famous for specifying, stirred? One theory, according to Shawn Webster, who has recently been involved in researching cocktails as part of an outreach project at the University of Aberdeen, UK, relies on the assumption that back in the 1950s, Bond would have been drinking vodka made from potatoes. As he explains, oils present in the potatoes – but not in the grains that are more commonly used to make vodka today – are dispersed by shaking. 'The shaking will get rid of the oily taste which is associated with the vodka. However, if you just mix it then the oily taste will still be prominent in the drink.' Another reason that a vodka martini, or any cocktail for that matter, is shaken is to get the ice in contact with the liquid, making sure it's ice-cold for service. Although in the case of the martini, it's perhaps more relevant – an unshaken martini can taste like lighter fluid, according to Webster. Shake it for too long, however, and the ice melts, diluting the drink. In the past, ice companies have tried to claim that shaking the perfect cocktail requires 'extra-cold ice'. But with the emergence of cocktail science, that notion has been put to bed. O'Neil highlights the work of Eben Klemm, previously at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, US, now a full-time cocktail developer, in dispelling the myth. 'What happened was an ice company was promoting its ice as being the best ice for cocktails,' O'Neil explains. 'And this research by Eben basically said, "No, ice is ice and in a cocktail you can shake it to a certain point and that's as cold as it's going to get". So it actually helps bartenders understand that, you know, you shake a cocktail 20 times and then it's cold.' Klemm's work showed that under normal conditions, most cocktails will not get any colder than -7ºC, equating to around 20 shakes. Any more and you're just wasting your energy. Webster is impressed by such innovation. 'I think some bartenders will appreciate that,' he says. He'd like to employ similar levels of scientific rigour to test what happens to the taste if you shake a vodka martini versus stirring it. He's also throwing gin into the mix – shaking a gin cocktail incorporates air, which is said to 'bruise' the gin, supposedly causing flavour chemicals in the spirit to oxidise and creating a sharper taste. But it's probably just another spurious theory. 'A scientific test really has to be done – like with the 20 shakes – to see if there is a difference in taste between one that contains vodka and one that contains both vodka and gin,' says Webster.
15ml vermouth Method: Shake the vodka and vermouth together 20 times in a cocktail shaker with several ice cubes. Strain into a cocktail glass and garnish with the lemon. Guerrilla science Like most of the research that's been carried out on cocktails, however, Klemm's cocktail shaking work wasn't published in a scientific journal. As O'Neil says, there's never going to be any money for a major research project in cocktail science. Any research that is going on is being done in personal time and with whatever scientific apparatus the experimenters can lay their hands on. 'I'm lucky, I work at a university part-time so I have access to some of this equipment,' he says. 'Many of the researchers are curious about these oddball things I guess, but actually embarking on a major research project? There's obviously not a lot of funding.'
Liqueurs can be layered in the glass based on their density, with stunning effects. A 'chocolate-covered cherry' for instance, layers Bailey's over denser Tia Maria over heavy Grenadine. This list provides a guide – those higher up should float on the denser liqueurs furtherdown. However, density varies with brand, so – purely in the interests of scientific endeavour, of course – it's best to experiment. List of liquers by density
O'Neil has, himself, repurposed university lab equipment for the cause of cocktail research, including employing mass spectrometry techniques to analyse vodkas for the presence of different congeners – chemicals like esters and aldehydes that are produced in small quantities during fermentation and can change the taste. As it turns out, there's little difference between most of the major brands of vodka in terms of these flavour compounds, despite what their marketing suggests. The trend for molecular level analysis and design of drinks has already caught on under the guise of 'molecular mixology', duplicating what molecular gastronomists are doing in the kitchen. In the UK, mixologist Tony Conigliaro of The Drinks Factory and Andrea Sella, a chemist at University College London, collaborate on a show called 'The Science of Cocktails'. Sella's favourite trick is to demonstrate the slow drip of ice cold water into absinthe, resulting in the 'wonderful louching effect' that occurs as terpenes in the spirit precipitate out of solution – surprising because both water and absinthe are clear liquids.
Incidentally, the classic French absinthe (known as la fée verte or the 'green fairy'), is one of the few cocktails – if it can be so called – that has actually appeared in a few scientific papers, mainly because of the debate over its supposed hallucinogenic properties.1 One of the culprits is thought to be a terpene called thujone, a not-so distant relative of menthol. 'Recently the tide has swung back in favour of it just being extreme alcohol poisoning which is doing those things, but there are still open questions in chemistry and pharmacology about it,' says Sella.
1 sugar cube Method: Place the sugar cube on a flat, perforated spoon. Rest the spoon on the rim of a glass containing the absinthe. Slowly drip the iced water onto the sugar cube. The sugar-water will gradually drip into the absinthe, turning it from amber to a cloudy pale green colour as the oils precipitate out. The universe in a glass Although Sella and Conigliaro's show is intended to entertain, there is some quite serious science going on behind the scenes. Under the eaves of a house in Islington, above his bar, Conigliaro is currently kitting out a very cramped cocktail lab with various pieces of scientific equipment. There, he's been experimenting with hydrosols – products from steam distillation of plants – and has recently worked out how to get a more flavourful extract, from mint for instance, by adding salt. Conigliaro is quite the poster boy for molecular mixology, having picked up a prize for International Bartender of the Year at last year's New Orleans cocktail awards. At Shochu Lounge, in London's West End, Conigliaro has served up cocktails of his own design, including a chamomile cooler that's topped with fizzing foam. The foam is made by putting gelatine through a siphon of nitrous oxide, which, unlike carbon dioxide, doesn't cause the pH to drop. There's absolutely no doubt, says Sella, that molecular mixology is capable of producing some exquisite cocktails. For Sella, though, it's never really been about the drinks. 'I'm not a big cocktail drinker to be honest,' he says. 'To me, the cocktails are kind of the universe in a glass – they're the means by which you can talk about all sorts of interesting things.' O'Neil, however, is of the opinion that, sometimes, you just have to let the drink do the talking. There comes a point, he says – presumably after the cocktail has been shaken to perfection and is standing on the bar – when words are no longer necessary. 'You know, it's fun when people are curious,' he says. 'But at the end of the day, people just want to enjoy their drink.' Hayley Birch is a science writer based in Bristol, UK References1 D W Lachenmeier et al, Forensic Sci. Int., 2006, 158, 1 (DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.04.010) | ||||
| Posted: 21 Jan 2011 05:27 AM PST 凯迪往刊载的一篇网民的文章，很值得玩味。 文章说，2010年的GDP：40万亿，官员总数为5000万多，就算5000万；中国总人口：13亿；因为我们国家，许多简单的数都是国家机密，人们也就不可能再去做精细的研究了，免得以刺探国家机密罪吃牢饭。仅以以上数字，推导出以下一些数据： 官民比例：约1比26，也就是26个平头百姓得养一个官员；官员的平均工资，按5万元年算，每年工资要：2.5万亿；官员福利，免费医疗，退保等，相当于工资，又要2.5万亿；官员办公，需要办公费，场所，出国访问，公务车等，算1倍于工资，又是2.5万亿；官员需要贪污，这个钱是不能少的，眼下不贪污就无人做官员了。每人贪污30万元，是15 …… |
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