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- 东方快车谋杀案
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- 2012年04月19日 糗事 TOP 10
Posted: 19 Apr 2012 10:41 PM PDT 大约在两年多前,我到武汉汉口车站,当时汉口火车站给我的印象一点儿都不好,我因此也对内地的火车站有了一些偏见——果然没有沿海城市好啊。给我留下不好的印象,是因为车站广场上有不少的骗子,而且在广场,有很多人拉你去住宿,看你犹犹豫豫之时,便会暧昧地说,"有小姐。"后来在等车的时候,听"知情者"说,火车站很乱,出过不少人命,比如曾经有一个东北小伙子,孔武膀大,身高一米八多,在住店时与店主发生了争执,被做掉了,第二天凌晨天尚未亮,便被人用麻包包裹着,扔尸了事。他的描述绘声绘色,虽然不知道真假,但仍听的我身上发毛。为此,我对汉口车站的印象愈发不好了。 前几天又去了一次武汉,还是在汉口车站下车,这次给我的印象还不错,比两年前有了很大的改观。广场的骗子几乎没有了,至少我没有遇上,广场上拉人住宿的也少了。看来是经过一些治理的。这很好,一个城市的火车站是陌生人来踏上这片土地了解这座城市的第一个窗口,稍微要脸面的政府都应该把车站的治安、服务做好。 在动车上,看了《东方快车谋杀案》这本侦探小说,作者是很牛逼的阿加莎克里斯蒂,喜欢侦探类小说的读者不可能不知道这位,但说来惭愧,这是我看的第一部她的小说。面对着读者对这本书的一致好评,我想说下我真实的感受,这本书给我的阅读快感几乎没有。这里面先说下我个人的问题:一是在车上看,晃晃悠悠造成我昏昏沉沉,也就是说我当时的阅读状态不是很好;第二,我看得很快,是看的电纸书,里面有不少错字,翻译地也很不好。 作了自我批评后,我来说下这本书,这本书描述的是一个典型的"封闭空间案件",这种类型的侦探小说,很挑战作者也很挑战读者,该有的线索阿加莎都呈现给你,让你和波洛侦探共同破案,这应该是很好的一面,但不知为何,竟没有提起我的兴趣,我想这很大的原因不在于作者,而是因为我阅读太快,而且选择的版本翻译很烂的缘故。这部小说说成是恐怖小说也未尝不可,尤其是最后,谜底揭示的时候,敏感的读者想想当时杀人的场面吧,是不是会鸡皮疙瘩起了一身?这不是作案,这是在进行一场祭祀。 最后我来说下这本书不合常理的地方,一、如果要杀掉书中的凯赛梯,可以有很多种方式,可以在很多种场合,想想看,想要杀掉他的人都已经成为他的助手佣人了,那么除掉他不是很简单的事情吗,食物里的毒、咖啡里的药,都可以轻松要了凯赛梯的小命,为何要大费周折,苦心谋划,而最终却选在了火车上?(火车上发生的案件一般应比陆地上的案件容易破获)二、有人会不同意我的第一点,他们会说,杀死那个恶棍只是一个结果,而十多个人需要的是对他的宣判,好吧,假如推翻我的第一点,那么在杀掉这个恶棍的时候应该是在他清醒的时候,十多个人对他进行批判,让他的灵魂、良心收到谴责,然后复仇式地残忍地杀掉他,为何却要把这个恶棍麻翻在床,在他不知不觉中死去,这样岂不是太便宜他了? 这部小说在仇杀的氛围上刻画地不够深刻,没有突出仇恨,只是把他写成了谋杀。换句话说,作者只是拿这个题材当成侦探小说来写了,其实如果有一支很深刻的笔,也可以把这个故事处理地更好,当然,冲着人性、复仇的主题去写,最后会不会写得连侦探小说都不如?那就不是我所能知道的了。 ![]() |
CBO looks at the president's budget Posted: 20 Apr 2012 02:02 PM PDT The CBO reports: CBO estimates that the President's budgetary proposals would boost overall output initially but reduce it in later years. For the 2013–2017 period, under most of the estimates CBO produced using alternative models and assumptions, the President's proposals would increase real (inflation-adjusted) output (relative to that under current law) primarily because taxes would be lower than those under current law, and, therefore, people's disposable income and their demand for goods and services would be greater. Over time, however, the proposals would reduce real output (relative to that under current law) because the deficits would exceed those projected under current law, and the effects of increasing government debt would more than offset the favorable effects of lower marginal tax rates on labor income. When the net impact of those two types of effects would shift from an increase in real output to a decrease would depend on various factors, including the impact of increased aggregate demand on output and the effect of deficits on investment. By CBO's estimate, under the President's proposals, the nation's real output during the 2013–2017 period would be, on average, between 0.2 percent lower than the amount under current law and 1.4 percent higher than under current law. For the 2018–2022 period, CBO estimates that the President's proposals would reduce real output, on average, by between 0.5 percent and 2.2 percent compared with what would occur under current law. |
Posted: 20 Apr 2012 02:01 PM PDT 今年是日本首次向美国赠送樱花树100周年,所以今年在华盛顿举办的樱花节特别隆重,时间也特别长,从3月20日持续到4月27日,超过五个星期。尽管因为初春气温反常,樱花早早就开过了,但是旅游季节也因此提早到来,国家大草坪上举行的樱花节各种活动自然成为游人的焦点。与此同时,首都地区也举办了很多其他纪念活动,上个星期四在国务院的艾奇逊大礼堂举行的旨在拓展妇女和青年参与社会建设作用的报告会就是其中之一。 报告会邀请了来自日本的樱花皇后和美国各州的樱花节友好大使,这些樱花大使都是从所在地区对国际关系有兴趣的年轻社区领袖当中选拔出来的,对国务院推进全球妇女福祉的各项工作有浓厚的兴趣。 报告会在负责东亚和太平洋事务的助理国务卿坎贝尔致词之后,在副助理国务卿朱姆沃尔特主持下,来自东亚和太平洋事务局的官员们介绍了美国在世界范围推动妇女权益,帮助妇女参与社区发展作做的努力。 美国国家安全战略报告得出结论,凡是妇女享受更加全面和平等的权利与机会的国家,那里就有更加和平的环境,国家竞争力更强,社会更加繁荣。这也就是为什么美国把推进性别平等,以及妇女和女青年积极参与政治、经济、社会和文化方面的事务作为外交政策的优先事项的重要原因。 世界经济论坛2011年性别差距报告在女性与男性在识字率、工资、高级官员人数及国家首脑人数等14个方面的差距对135个国家进行了比较,北欧地区和其他经济发达、社会稳定的国家占据了男女平等指标前20名的绝大部分。 报告还指出,即便是发达国家,如果能够完全消除妇女参加工作的障碍和工资待遇方面的差距,也会给经济发展带来巨大的增长,例如美国的GDP可以增加9个百分点,欧元区可以提高13%,而日本的GDP将可以提高16%! 联合国粮农组织去年发布的《粮食与农业状况》报告则估计,如果农村地区的妇女享有与男性同等的获得土地、技术、金融服务、教育和市场准入的机会,农业生产将会增加。只要发展中国家的妇女能够享有与男性同等的农业资源,由她们经营的农场就可以增产20~30%,从而使这些国家的农业总产量提高2.5 ~4%,世界饥饿人口将因此减少12~17%,相当于1~1.5亿人。 报告会引起出席会议的各州参加庆祝活动的樱花大使们的极大兴趣,她们踊跃提问,与国务院的官员们进行交流。她们里面说不定将来会有人加入到促进全球妇女权益的工作中来。 (图片除注明的之外均为Jianan摄影)
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Posted: 20 Apr 2012 10:07 AM PDT 以下信息由"译者"志愿者根据网络资料收集,全部附上了原文或全文链接。资料收集行为不代表我们支持或反对文中观点,也不代表我们确认信息的真实性。如有媒体引用,请注明原始来源;读者请自行判断资料的真实性。 发送邮件至 yyyyiiii+subscribe@googlegroups.com 订阅新闻;有海外苹果账号的读者可在Appstore中搜索"譯者"下载我们的繁体阅读器;在Smashwords中搜索"译者"可以下载简体中文的"译者书刊"试读章节(墙内也可下载和购买)。更多免费下载请点击这里。墙内阅读译者博客。Twitter: @xiaomi2020, @yigroup ***~~~*** ![]() 【中日之间有领土纠纷的钓鱼岛,日本称为"尖阁列岛"】 提出购买构想 ① 4月17日,石原慎太郎东京市政府购买"钓鱼岛",是在他参加美国的"传统基金会"上关于"日本在亚洲的作用"的一个讨论会上提出的。以下是1:25的视频。或点击这里查看(日语) 点击这里收听或下载英文翻译音频 ② 出价与谈判 根据《读卖新闻》4月17日的报道《围绕购买尖阁群岛的半年绝密交涉》其中提到: 东京都知事石原慎太郎16日下午(日本时间17日凌晨)在他访问的华盛顿闪电般宣布了购买尖阁群岛的计划。此举意在牵制中国,同时对于迄今在国境政策问题上比较消极的民主党政权来说,也可谓一石激起千层浪。 石原在演讲中对民主党政权在处理边境岛屿问题上做法横加指责。他表示:"按照现政府的态度,(尖阁群岛)危在旦夕","东京将捍卫(尖阁群岛)"。在2010年发生的中国渔船与海上保安厅巡逻船的冲突事件中,石原知事对日本政府释放中国船长的做法表明了强烈的危机感,声称"如果不采取果断措施,尖阁群岛将会丢失。" 据知事身边的人透露,为了给日本政府以强烈的冲击,此次的计划是在极其秘密的情况下运作的,仅有少数人知晓,在时机安排上正好配合石原访问华盛顿。负责给石原和居住在埼玉县的所有者牵线的是参议员山东昭子。她对这种做法表示欢迎,认为"东京都买下对国家有利,可以捍卫这些岛屿。" 据山东透露,所有者是一名男性(即栗原国起),与她有着30多年的交情。据这名男性讲:"有很多人想从我手里买下尖阁,但背景不明的个人是不会卖给他们的","希望政府能够收购,但现在的政府不值得信任。" 这名男子拥有尖阁五岛中的钓鱼岛、北小岛和南小岛。自2002年4月以来他每年都要与总务省签订租赁合同,由国家进行管理。不过,他也感到"由个人所有终究不是办法",因此山东议员联系上了老友石原知事,二人在去年9月拜访了这名男性的住处。据说石原当即表示:"东京都将买下",而这名男性也回答说:"如果是石原,就放心了。我决心已定。" 据知事身边的人透露,关于手续问题,今后东京都将对岛屿进行实地调查,然后向"都财产价格审议会"咨询购买价格。如果价格"合适",那么在经过了都议会的批准之后,准备在租赁合同到期的明年3月底前后签署双方的买卖合同。 关于价格问题,石原知事表示:"不能讲,但不会很贵。"据说购买的目的包括"保护自然和文化遗产"、进行"渔场开发"等内容。 迄今总务省以"平稳、稳定地进行维护和管理"为由,禁止在合同租赁期内登岛,因此如何进行实地调查,现在还不清楚。此外,在都议会,包括占多数的自民党和公明党以及第一大党民主党在内,均采取了观望态度,认为目前讨论这一问题还不成熟。今后在购买的问题上,估计还会有很多的周折,或许有人会提出反对意见,认为此举"与东京都的行政目的不符"。 而"美国之音"在《日本国内热议石原有关钓鱼岛讲话》(中文)中提到卖家的心态: 钓鱼岛的土地所有者栗原国起的法律代理人渡边信律师星期四对美国之音说,如果条件谈妥,栗原国起有意向东京转让土地所有权。针对日本有报道说,石原去年年底开始就购买钓鱼岛与栗原接触,渡边律师对此不置可否,只是说石原与栗原有着四十多年的交情。 石原发言传出以后,日本媒体引述栗原国起的弟弟栗原弘行的话报道说,中国曾经有人以巨额要购买钓鱼岛遭到拒绝。渡边律师说他对此不知情,需要进行确认。 钓鱼岛土地所有权 位于东海的钓鱼岛主要有5个岛屿,它们是鱼钓岛、北小岛、南小岛、大正岛与久场岛。 除了大正岛以外其他四岛土地所有权均归栗原国起。自2002年起,日本政府每年支付2400万日元租借鱼钓岛、北小岛、南小岛,并实行管辖。久场岛由日本总务省租借,目前是驻日美军打靶场。 据日本历史记载,十九世纪末期,日本政府把钓鱼岛以30年期限无偿租借给企业家古贺辰四郎,二十世纪三十年代初期,日本政府又以1万5000日元的价格把除了大正岛以外的钓鱼岛卖给了古贺家。在这期间,古贺在钓鱼岛建设了木鱼加工场,当时曾有280多日本人居住在岛上,直到二战结束前。 土地所有权转让给栗原家是二十世纪七十年代,目前归栗原国起所有。 ③ 时间表: ![]() 这是《围绕购买尖阁群岛的半年绝密交涉》 中的附图,中文读者基本能看明白,《尖阁群岛历年大事记》 另据日本共同社报道:明年4月或取得尖阁诸岛所有权(中文) 关于东京都政府对尖阁诸岛(中国称:钓鱼岛)所有权的获得时期,他透露称预计将于明年4月中央政府与土地所有者的租借合同期满后取得。目前已与土地所有者就此基本达成了协议。 ④共同社的报道《日本政府对"石原式"对华战略难掩困惑》(中文)中提到了日本政府的反应: 日本政府也采取了坚强防守。官房长官藤村修17日提及了尖阁诸岛国有化的可能性。首相野田佳彦也暗示了国有化是可选项之一,称"将重新确认土地所有者的本意,展开全面研究"。不过,政府相关人士分析称,"这可能是考虑到若东京都政府获得所有权,中央政府便无从施力这一尴尬局面而做出的发言。" 该人士同时表示,以国家名义购买"在外交上过于刺激",并透露称"中央政府的真实想法是希望通过协商从东京都政府处租借"。 ***~~~*** 日本内部反响 困惑 ①"美国之音"在《日本国内热议石原有关钓鱼岛讲话》(中文) 日本东京都知事此前在美国华盛顿放出要购买钓鱼岛的发言,引起日本国内不寻常的反响。日本首相野田佳彦在国会答辨时表明,不排除由国家购买的可能。日本主要大报纷纷发表社论,有支持也有反对。 日本的读卖新闻星期四在社论中说,石原的发言为保卫国家领土迈出重要一步,石原的目的是敦促不关心领土问题的民主党政权实行意识改革。 朝日新闻星期三在社论中则提出不同看法,社论认为石原发言不负责任。社论指出如果要在岛上开展活动将导致问题复杂化,明知这种作法会给外交带来恶果却硬要作,完全不负责任。 每日新闻也在星期四发表社论,同样对石原发言提出置疑。社论认为石原权力越境,保卫领土是政府的责任。不过每日新闻的社论同时指出,石原发言的背景是,中国船只在钓鱼岛附近海域活动频繁,希望中国收敛刺激日本舆论的行动。 冲绳的困惑 钓鱼岛的土地注册是在日本冲绳县石垣市。该市议会星期四通过一份意见书,提出国家应该购买钓鱼岛,然后转让给石垣市,或者由政府管理。意见书还批评说,对于市政府提出保护渔民作业的要求,政府为了避免刺激中国没有采取有效的强化实权管辖的举措。 冲绳的琉球新报星期四发表一份对冲绳县市镇村地方长官的调查结果显示,赞同石原发言的为14%,反对7%,不知所措的高达63%。其中有人认为领土问题应该由政府出面,还有人说对华关系恶化遭殃的将是冲绳。 ② 《东京新闻》4月18日的文章《石原购岛言论令政府困惑》说: 关于东京都知事石原慎太郎宣布拟购买冲绳县尖阁群岛一事,政府认为这恐对中日关系产生负面影响,难掩困惑之色。不过,政府若袖手旁观,又恐招致"对领土问题不上心"的指责声,因此不得不谈及对尖阁进行国有化的可能性。官房长官藤村修在17日的记者会上就石原购地言论表示:"对事实关系并不知情。"但他同时表示,如有需要,中央政府也可能购岛。 东京购岛需向东京民众做解释。而且,预计中国政府今后将提出抗议。今年正值日中邦交正常化40周年,日本政府不想使让阁群岛成为双边关系的火种。 外相玄叶光一郎也表示:"尖阁群岛是我国固有领土,这在历史和国际法上均是不存在疑问的事实。尖阁群岛目前处于我国的有效控制之下。"他认为不应故意刺激中方。 然而,一些情况使中央政府不得不对尖阁群岛问题摆出坚决姿态。 石原在记者会上说:"其实我希望中央政府购买……东京愿意保卫尖阁。"他对中央政府的消极姿态予以间接批评。 此外,还有内阁大臣坦言支持石原。文部科学大臣平野博文就对石原表示一定理解:"我在担任官房长官时也有过这种念头。" 刺激 ③《读卖新闻》 的文章认为《石原言论刺激政府》(原文未上网) 石原提出这个可谓"异想天开"的方案,背后是他对民主党政府怀有焦虑,民主党2009年执政以来在领土和领海问题上反应迟钝,并对华推行"软弱外交",丑态频出。受石原影响,野田政府似乎认识到必须采取行动。 尖阁群岛的所有权若转让给行政机构,对岛屿的永久管理将成为可能,有效控制将得以维持。 对于东京购买尖阁构想,中国政府17日通过外交渠道对日本政府表示"关切"。17日晚,一名外务省干部满脸困惑地表示:"这个构想具体化将招致中国进一步抗议。" 褒贬不一 ④《朝日新闻》的报道是《"买尖阁"引发各种反应》(原文为付费阅读内容) "很有意思吧。我就是要让这个不作为的政府欲哭无泪。"正在访问华盛顿的石原知事在演讲结束后的记者会上气势汹汹地说。 石原在访美前说:"我会在那边弄出很大动静。"一名接近石原的人士说:"北朝鲜试射导弹问题引起骚动,公众越来越关心国防,石原可能就是瞅准了这个时机。"这名人士还指出,石原考虑在下届众议院选举中建立新党,所以"他可能想把这作为新党的一面旗帜,以提升凝聚力"。 关于尖阁诸岛的购买费,东京都副知事猪濑直树透露,东京拟向全国募捐。他表示将在全国范围营造买尖阁氛围,称:"全国民众捐款的话,将减少东京的支出"。石原拟今年就向都议会提交议案。 但是,对于这一闪电言论,感到困惑的都议员越来越多。都议会第一大党团民主党议员山下太郎说:"这事关系法律,还要用都民缴纳的税,涉及面很广。我们将收集信息,然后研究如何应对。"共产党议员大山友子指责说:"领土问题应在国家间解决,地方政府长官不应插手。" 总务省行政科指出:"地方政府可以通过和私人买地一样的手续购地。但地方政府要用税金,因此如果购地项目没有目的或公益性,可能就得不到议会和民众的理解。" 不负责任 《朝日新闻》在社论《石原的言论是不负责任的》则说得更明确: 东京都知事石原慎太郎昨日在美国华盛顿宣布了要购买冲绳县尖阁群岛的计划。虽然这些岛屿是日本领土,但中国却声称拥有主权。 石原表示:"东京捍卫尖阁群岛",中国有何可抱怨的? 对于石原的这番讲话,网上充斥着拍手叫好的帖子。 的确,石原的言论对其本人以及对中国做法感到不满的人来说,可谓大快人心。然而,将错综复杂的问题逐一妥善解决,这才是政治家本来的任务。 况且,这本非东京都该做的事情。 石原曾经表示要"针对这些岛屿采取各种各样的措施",然而,即使是日本人登岛这样的事情,中国方面也不会容忍。石原这样做只会使问题更加复杂。 虽然石原身为一国之都的行政长官,却拿不出解决领土问题的办法。明明知道会给政府的外交添乱,却硬要说大话,这是不负责任的行为。 去年9月尖阁群岛海域曾经发生过中国渔船与日本巡逻船相撞的事件。 今年3月份,两国政府又对周边海域的无人岛公布了新的命名,中国的监视船一直在从事侵犯领海等挑衅活动。 石原言论发表后,中国国内网上舆论纷纷要求政府采取强硬措施。 我们也要求中国方面对这一问题保持克制。日中两国国民相互指责,究竟会对谁有利? 北朝鲜新政权刚刚上台,日本和中国应在北朝鲜问题上相互携手合作。今年是两国邦交正常化40周年,对于日中两国间的关系,石原到底是如何考虑的? 用东京都民的税金来购买岛屿,在道理上是否说得通,这本就存有疑问。据说石原将向都议会提出预算方案,但估计议会方面不会轻而易举地批准。 传说石原有意要成立一个新党。由此可见,他是想用纳税人的钱来为自己将来的竞选买单。 藤村官房长官在昨日举行的记者会上并未否定国家购买的可能性。由负责外交的中央政府而不是东京都来购买,似乎更在理。 支持 ④《产经新闻》则在社论《以石原构想强化对尖阁诸岛的控制》中(原文未上网)说: 这是一个旨在捍卫日本固有领土尖阁群岛,加强实际控制的有益建议。希望日本举国支持。 石原的中心意思是,"(觊觎尖阁的)中国开始采取过激行动","其实我希望中央政府出面购买,但外务省却畏首畏尾","为实现日本人捍卫日本国土,(东京)将购岛"。 从这番话可见,石原对中国反复侵犯尖阁群岛领海怀有危机意识,并对日本政府的对华折腰姿态感到愤怒和焦虑。此外,石原之所以选在美国发表,还意在向世界发出日本拥有尖阁群岛的信息,并诉诸于国际社会。 石原提出购岛构想后,官房长官藤村修表示:"如有需要,政府也可能讨论(国有化)方案。"野田佳彦首相在18日的众议院预算委员会上也暗示国有化是选项之一,他说:"政府将再次确认所有者的真意,愿意进行各种讨论。" 野田政府也作出积极表态是理所当然的。 尖阁群岛的鱼钓岛等4座岛屿目前归私人所有,处于中央政府租赁状态下。此前,民主党政府命名包括尖阁附近岛屿在内的39座离岛,并对其中23座岛屿实施了国有财产化。 但是,政府却把尖阁附近离岛排除在国有财产化对象之外,相关措施仍难言令人满意。野田政府应该抓住此契机,认真讨论对尖阁群岛实施国有化。 对于石原的言论,将尖阁群岛作为行政区域管辖的冲绳县石垣市市长中山义隆表示欢迎:"我对此怀有好感"。冲绳县知事仲井真弘多也称:"令人感到放心。"中山市长还表示:"希望东京都和石垣市共同取得所有权。" 东京都和石垣市等地方政府共有所有权也是一个有益方案。不论归中央政府所有,还是归地方政府所有,公有化具有进一步明确日本主权涵盖尖阁群岛的重要意义。 诚如石原所言,中国船只近来在尖阁群岛附近海域的暴行事态严重,不容坐视不理。前年9月的撞船事件以来,中国的海洋调查船、巡逻船等舰船不断入侵日本领海。中国共产党机关报《人民日报》也将尖阁群岛定位成不可让步的国家利益,觊觎尖阁之心昭然若揭。 野田政府及冲绳县等相关地方政府应该和石原一样心存危机意识,迅速采取行动。 为进一步确保对尖阁群岛的实际控制,除公有化外,有人化也是当务之急。 尖阁群岛附近海域渔业资源丰富,海底很可能蕴藏有石油和矿产资源。希望政府集思广益,比如在岛上建立渔业中转基地和海底资源调查所。公有化将使自卫队常驻成为可能。 其实,日本有过试图加强对尖阁实际控制的时期。1978年发生了大批中国渔船侵犯尖阁群岛领海事件。第二年5月,大平正芳政府在鱼钓岛建立临时直升机起降台,并派遣一个调查团登岛调查岛上动植物、地质和水质等情况。 然而,由于此举受到中国强烈抗议,大平政府提前撤离了调查团。此后,有人提出建设正式直升机起降台、灯塔和避难港等设施计划,但出于对中国的顾虑,这些计划最后不了了之。目前,岛上只剩一座某日本政治团体1988年建立的灯塔。 日中1978年签订日中友好和平条约之际,还因为当时的中国最高实权人物邓小平有意将该问题交由下一代解决,日本对尖阁的所有权未能得到明确。 长年对华奉行消极主义外交的历届自民党政府也责任重大。日本作为一个主权国家,竭尽全力捍卫日本领土是理所当然的。朝野政党应该铭记这一点。 ***~~~*** 中国的反应——反对 在石原的说法提出后,《中方称东京购岛"非法和无效"》,这一消息有多家媒体转载: 有关东京都知事石原慎太郎表示购买尖阁群岛一事,中国外交部发言人刘为民表示"日本对钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿采取任何单方面举措都是非法和无效的,都不能改变这些岛屿属于中国的事实",对日本方面进行了牵制。 中国方面认为,日本政府首脑和民主党干部在访华之际承诺与中国进行合作,另一方面对无人岛进行命名等,加剧了中方对日本的不信任情绪。 可以认为,中国方面似乎现在难以断定石原知事的发言与日本政府方针没有关系。日中高层交流可能进一步停滞。 石原的买岛言论使尖阁问题再次成为日中关系的火种。日本政府努力避免此事演变为外交问题,但内阁官房长官藤村修在17日记者会上暗示将探讨使尖阁群岛国有化。中国方面的反抗可能进一步加剧。今年是日中邦交正常化40周年,两国政府正努力营造友好气氛。有关阁僚表示"没有收到报告",回避对石原的发言进行深入讨论。 有关尖阁问题,2010年渔船事件发生后,日中关系急剧降温,之后火种也一直存在。日本政府有关人士不无苦恼地表示:"不知道藤村发表'国有化'言论的真实意图。" 更多评论: ①《经济学人》在《东海:热岩》一文中认为: 钓鱼岛的经济赌注在提升 东京都出价10亿-15亿日元要购买尖阁列岛,而一名中国人则给出350亿日元的高价,这一要约还不能被证实,不过这证明钓鱼岛本身的经济价值的提升,更不要说在地缘政治战略上的重要性。1968年联合国海洋调查发现钓鱼岛周边蕴藏大量石油和天然气。 ②法广《东京都购买钓鱼岛是东海纠纷激素》(中文)则认为: 也许石原本来目的就是推动日本政府购买钓鱼岛、制造他个人的政治影响力筹码,从日本的种种反应来预测未来走势,他达到了目的。 另外,英文媒体对此事显然不如亚太媒体关注,因而分析不多。 相关阅读: 点击这里查看更多"东瀛视角"中的日媒译文 译文遵循CC3.0版权标准。转载务必标明链接和"转自译者"。不得用于商业目的。发送邮件至 yyyyiiii+subscribe@googlegroups.com 即可订阅译文;到iTunes 中搜索"译者"即可订阅和下载译者Podcast;点击这里可以播放和下载所有译者已公开的视频、音频和杂志。(需翻墙)。 |
Posted: 20 Apr 2012 10:05 AM PDT 坐车背景、、gegegeg、、一位盲人打车,至下车计价器显示11.4元,老司机把他扶至小区保安处,只说,我不收你钱是因为我比你挣钱容易。从小区内走出一斯文大叔,上车,一路畅谈,至下车计价器显示14.5,下车时掏出30道:这钱还有刚才那位的,我也不伟大,但挣钱比您也容易点,就希望您继续做好事吧。。 顶5532:: 拍-248:: 183条评论 初中的时候同桌是一个非常漂亮文静的女孩子,从初一初三我们一直是同桌,我整整暗恋她三年,后来她高中就去外地读了,一直因为没有联系方式而几年没有联系,今天她居然到我们公司来上班了!我看到她几乎不敢相信自己的眼睛,她还是那样的文静优雅,看到我她似乎也十分惊讶,我走过去直接抱住了她,那一瞬间眼泪差点流了出来,她脸红着推开我说:呵呵,你也在这里上班啊"下午约她出去吃了次饭,了解到她还没有男朋友!明天我就要向她表白了,求祝福!! 顶4595:: 拍-263:: 204条评论 和他在一起十年,今天正式办理了离婚手续,两岁女儿跟我,我会竭尽全力让我的宝宝女儿快乐长大的,三十岁的我恢复单身ï |
Posted: 20 Apr 2012 06:59 AM PDT ──由教協「無異議通過」解僱職員說起 戚本盛 教協發信向會員代表自辯解僱前會計經理劉潔群,聲稱決定經理事會議決,「理事會是無異議通過的」。這樣說,當然是希望加強其決定的說服力,問題是,如果解僱是合乎程序的,為甚麼不以事實澄清?如果是合乎道理的,為甚麼不以理據服人?剝奪員工在解僱前的「得到聆聽的權利」(Right to be heard),只從資方的角度判定員工不符老闆的期望就即時解僱,在今天的社會裡,連最財大氣粗的老闆也不會這樣橫蠻,何況是一個聲稱以爭取公義為己任的教師工會? 不能以理服人,便只好訴諸引導甚或誤導。的確,決定是理事會議作出的,但從過去多個月來的了解,我有理由相信理事作決時所得資訊其實並不全面及清晰,例如面對「程序公義」的質疑,至今沒有任何理事能清脆反駁,連我認識的最能言善辯的三兩位,也只能避而不答。 至於所謂「無異議通過」,如此手法竟出於教協理事之口,則更使人慨嘆連聲。可以肯定的是,教協理事中是有對解僱決定持反對意見的,在具體負責職員管理的委員會裡有,在理事會會議上也有! 可是,公諸於會員代表的,卻是「無異議通過」,為甚麼會這樣呢?在不少這類同人組織中,討論一輪後匆匆問問有否反對,異議者或已洩氣而沒堅持紀錄反對,也大有可能。簡言之,是實質有反對者的,但在紀錄中卻沒有異議,這種矛盾,也不好歸咎任何人,只好說這是同人組織或含混文化的產物。 不過,事後卻企圖訴諸「無異議」來令人信服,則實在使人失笑。「異議」的價值,對教協諸位理事而言,理應熟悉不過。一直關心和支持中國和香港民主發展的教協中人,無論在教師權益、教育政策,以至社會和政治參與中,一直都以異議者的身份介入爭取,為甚麼對外教協會走異議的路,但會內的事務卻要向「無異議」乞靈? 大抵只有缺乏道理至極的當權者才會這樣心虛,要齊心和應以示社會和諧,要決志效忠以示人民團結,要歌功頌德以示領袖英明,不必說「思歪」,近有北韓,遠有蘇聯,「無異議通過」是否真的表徵了和諧團結英明,教協中人哪有不心知肚明的?回望神州,「無異議通過」的年代早已不再,想不到立會四十年的教協在一次人事處理的失誤上,主事者反而暴露了對「無異議通過」的眷戀。當然,最難受的不是各位看官,「被無異議通過」的理事,想必百般滋味在心頭。(2012.04.20) |
Posted: 20 Apr 2012 06:20 AM PDT 谁是中国的敌对势力?(转载) 颜昌海
热度 11已有 783 次阅读2012-4-19 17:47 |系统分类:烧烤国事
在中国大陆官话的语境里,"敌对势力"好像是杀伤力很大的一个名词;就在薄熙来倒台前,他还在用"敌对势力"一词来威胁和恐吓中国大陆的官民。"敌对势力",这些年已被其炒成了一句极具蛊惑力的魔咒;许多愤青们一听到这个魔咒,就会显得群情激愤、热血沸腾,随着薄熙来们的魔棒窜跳;而谁要是被扣上"敌对势力"的黑帽子,更几乎就成了全中国民众的共同敌人。 但是,在大部份民众的印象里,"敌对势力"总是与西方、美国联系在一起。然而,在现实世界里,他们的无数苦难与西方国家却并无多少关系。大陆人生不起、死不起、学不起、病不起,这一切没有哪一样是这些"敌对势力"造成的。 那么,谁才是中国大陆真正的敌对势力?在回答这个问题之前,首先应搞清楚谁是国家的主体,然后才能找出国家的敌对势力。 很显然,一个国家的主体当然是其广大的民众,民众的利益就是国家的利益。土地、文化、政治、经济则是这个国家的命脉,也是广大民众基本利益之所系。没有了土地,民众则无处安身;没有了文化,则失去了民族之魂;没有了政治与经济的自主权,民众只会沦为任人宰割的奴隶。因此,中国是中国人的中国,而不是一个党或一个政府的中国。所以,谁要一心以中国的民众为敌,对文化、土地、政治、经济等方面蓄意侵占、破坏,谁才是中国真正的敌对势力。 60多年来,除了一直霸占着大量中国土地的苏俄之外,能符合上述条件的"敌对势力"少之又少。只有苏俄,它彻底的颠覆了大中华民国,把五千年的神州古国变成了马列意识形态的殖民地,给中华民族带来了前所未有的共产灾祸。在一个正常的社会里,政府与民众的利益是基本一致的,民众供养政府、政府管理协调公众事务;而马列意识形态的政府却肆意摧残民众,榨取一切社会财富供其挥霍。 马列意识形态自从其霸占中国以来,在和平年代竟然让十几亿的民众一直生活在红色恐怖中。这在五千年的中国历史上是罕见的。比如日本人侵略中国,14年里造成了两千万人的非正常死亡,而毛泽东三年的大跃进"自然灾害"就活活饿死4千万人。只要是理智健全的人,都不会认为这仅仅是政策失误导致的。若不是马列意识形态,中国自古就没有造成如此惨烈的饥荒。中国在马列意识形态的手里,成了一座集体屠宰场。 自古以来,中国人都有自己的土地所有权,也有在自己的国家自由迁徙的权利。而马列意识形态却在一夜之间让所有中国大陆人成了没有一寸土地的共产奴隶,一千多万平方公里的土地除了被赠送一部份苏俄、朝鲜等友邦外,全成了官有财产,就连祖上传下来的宅基地,也都成为党的了。中国人在自己的国度里,没有立锥之地,每一寸土地却属于西方舶来的马列主义的。历史上,中国也曾经被敌对势力占领,但却从来没有像这样被马列意识形态剥夺得干干净净。 中华文化是中国人立于世界民族之林的维系所在,文化的灭绝就意味着中华民族的消失,世界上黑眼睛黑头发的不止是中国人。而马列意识形态已成功的将中华文化从大陆民众的思想意识中剥离出去,把大部份人改造成了只有低级智商与情商的马列劣族。中华君子之国变成马列意识形态暴民之国。说伟人,许多人会想到毛泽东;说好人,民众多会想到雷锋;说好官,人们提到的是焦裕禄。有几人还知道中华民族那些光耀千古的圣贤志士?以及他们的美德、正气与仁爱?我们被剥夺了自己的文化而不知,很多人还把斯大林似的党文化当成了中国的固有文化,大脑被洗成一堆废料。 历史上,中国一直是政治文明相当发达的一个国家,有着一整套的礼乐政治架构与完备的政治制度,政权也是对全社会开放的。而马列意识形态却在中国强行植入了共产专制,这套制度的核心是唯恶是举、为善必惩,以拳头大小决定尊卑。如何最大程度的榨取民众血汗,搞残这个国家,是其行政的主要目的。这种祸国的政治根本上不能称为政治,它只能叫乱政、反政治或魔治;没有了基本的政治权利,国人即使是喝毒水、吃毒食、用假货也是无可奈何。 马列意识形态曾口口声声说资本主义国家是如何的剥削民众、如何的贪婪,其实世界上再也没有比马列意识形态更贪婪的组织了。资本家是通过资本的运作来创造财富,而马列意识形态却是用政府形式、暴力手段去抢掠财富,把民众变成一无所有的共产奴隶。中国人连基本的人权都没有,更谈不上有什么经济发展权了。他们干最苦的活,拿最少的工资,却负担最重的赋税。即使是有的人通过努力获得一些财产,马列意识形态随时都可以找个藉口把其搞得倾家荡产,比如重庆的"黑打"。 一个国家的主体民众没有土地所有权、社会知情权、文化自主权、政治参与权、经济财产权、媒体话语权,连他们的生命也没有保障,这便是奴隶。马列意识形态把中国大陆变成共产奴隶庄园、剥夺了主体民众的基本人权,让他们在恐惧中生活,比起当年的日本鬼子有过之而无不及,造成当今中国几乎是从精神到物质、从社会到自然环境全方位的腐败变异。而且,这个西来的"敌对势力"已经渗透到神州的血脉骨髓、中枢神经,渗透到民众的思想意识里,使许多人无法发现它,甚至把它当成了自己。 而马列意识形态的政治运作,比如薄熙来的"唱红打黑",也无时无刻不把中国民众作为敌人来对待,防民之术层出不穷。花费巨资封锁信息、监控全民,毁田、扒房,制造了数不清的冤案。近年来,维稳的费用已超过了军费。这在世界上,除了朝鲜可以比拟外,世界各国无出其右。但朝鲜,还有"防御外敌",而中国大陆却完全是针对"内敌"。所谓的维稳不过是对民众开战的一个说辞。 从根本上讲,马列意识形态不仅是西方自由世界的敌对势力,也不仅是中国的敌对势力,而是地地道道的全人类的敌对势力,它想"解放"全人类,却遭到了全人类的唾弃;因为它的存在,才是人类堕落的一个标志,对于人类而言,更是一个耻辱。 说马列意识形态是中国的真正敌对势力,还可以从以下方面进行分析—— 一、私有财产权神圣不可侵犯和三种侵犯私有财产权的行为。私有财产权神圣不可侵犯是人类文明最重要的结晶,如果没有私有财产权神圣不可侵犯这条铁律,现代物质文明和精神文明的一切重大成果,就不会在地球上产生和发展。 人类历史上主要有三种侵犯私有财产权的行为。它们是小偷偷盗、土匪抢劫和共产强夺。这三种行为中,共产强夺对社会危害最大,而小偷偷窃对社会危害最小。小偷偷窃虽然经常发生,但由于其不使用暴力,且涉及金额较少,所以对社会的危害相对最小。土匪抢劫由于使用暴力,所以对社会的危害比小偷偷窃要大些。共产政权以政权暴力为后盾,剥夺地主和资本家的私有财产,其规模之大、社会危害之大是土匪无法比拟的。例如土改时,不仅剥夺了广大地主所有者的财产(土地、房屋和工具等),而且杀死了三百万地主,到最后整个中国大陆人还都失去了自己的土地,所谓公有都成了官有——其实官有也并不可靠,一般小官的所有,也随时可能会被更大更强的官夺走。 二、马列意识形态的强盗逻辑。马列意识形态以暴力政权侵犯私有财产的"理论"基础是马克思的劳动价值论,剩余价值论及其剥削概念。马克思的剩余价值论及其剥削概念是马克思的劳动价值论的扩展和延伸。马克思在其《资本论》中用"社会必要劳动时间"(即平均劳动时间)定义商品的价值,因而得出结论说劳动的提供者应得到全部商品的价值,而土地的提供者和资本的提供者则不能得到任何(超过折旧)的商品价值。因此资本家的利润所得和地主的租金所得都是剥削(意为不当所得)。按照马克思的此种理论,房租和利息都是剥削收入!经济学家在一百多年前就已经提出,马克思的上述经济理论是建立在循环推理(同义语重复)的基础上的。循环推理指的是,因为A是B,所以A是B;因为苹果是桃子,所以苹果是桃子。因为马克思定义商品价值是社会必要劳动时间(平均劳动时间),所以得出地主和资本家剥削工人的结论。依照上述循环推理,资本家同样可以用资本占用时间定义商品的价值,因而得出地主和工人都剥削了资本家的结论!地主也可依此循环推理,用土地占用时间定义商品的价值,因而得出工人和资本家剥削地主的结论。 上述三种理论:劳动价值论,资本价值论和土地价值论都是建立在循环推理的基础上,它们三者的关系是对等对称的关系。这三种理论都是错误的推理结果。 三、马列意识形态的错误经济理论(劳动价值论、剩余价值论及其剥削概念),毒害中国人民50多年.中国大陆人民日常生活中常常使用剥削一词。此种习惯即是源于马列意识形态的毒害,马克思的剥削概念整整毒害了二代几十亿中国人。如此荒唐的剥削概念之所以能够毒害中国人如此久,是因为其以暴力为后盾,限止了言论自由、学术自由和出版自由。一百多年前西方国家的经济学界就指出了马克思的劳动价值论、剩余价值论及其剥削概念的逻辑性错误,如果中国大陆有言论自由、学术自由和出版自由,只要有一人简要指出其错误并加以传播,那么两代几十亿中国人就不会全被愚弄。 在人类历史上,大众长期接受错误理论的例子屡见不鲜,例如地心说(太阳绕地球转的理论)就曾经被人类广泛接受,直至日心说产生并传播开来。然而,马克思的错误经济理论恐怕是对人类危害最大的一种理论,它不仅在共产国家导致私有财产遭到侵犯,而且导致无数地主和资本家被屠杀。它使得共产国家经济失去创造力、革新精神、进取精神和创造财富的动力,因而使共产国家经济一败涂地。 马列意识形态关于资本主义社会的劳动和劳动价值的理论,掩盖了当时资本主义生产方式的运行特点和基本价值。现在,中国大陆发展市场经济,也揭示了马列意识形态的劳动价值论不适用当代资本主义和市场经济,更不适应当今中国。然而,中国大陆某些理论家之所以抽象肯定马克思的劳动价值论,一方面是为了安抚马列意识形态左派(保守派),另一方面通过抽象肯定马克思的劳动价值论来维护马列意识形态的图腾,维护权贵专制制度。因为恩格斯说,马克思的劳动价值论和历史唯物主义使社会主义由空想变为科学;因此,抛弃了马克思的劳动价值论即抛弃了科学社会主义。而马列意识形态三个组成部分(马克思主义哲学、马克思主义经济理论和科学社会主义)抛弃了两个部分,红色权贵统治的理论基础就流沙般溃败。他们在中国大陆的具体操作上却肯定私有企业,答案是马列意识形态主流派利益集团自己已经拥有大量不义私有财产和私有企业;它们的不义之财和私有企业是靠滥用公权力,靠垄断特权得来的。利益集团在具体操作上肯定私有企业和私有财产,实际上是为了维护和扩大他们的不义之财。 如今,觉醒的中国大陆人已经看到这一点,所以一方面呼吁保护正当的私有财产和私有企业,做到私有财产神圣不可侵犯,另一方面呼吁坚决没收马列意识形态的特权垄断利益集团的不义之财,因为那些不义之财不是真正属于他们的财产,而是代表对广大人民的一种真正意义上的剥削和剥夺。保护私有财产和剥夺剥夺者,正是中国政治体制改革目的之一。 这里必须特别强调的是,剥夺不当财产应以事实为根据,以法律为准绳。贪官污吏应当得到公正的审判。这一点,应有别于1949年后对"官僚资本主义"的不讲证据,不讲法制的任意剥夺。 说到马列意识形态的错误经济理论(劳动价值论、剩余价值论及其剥削概念)对中国大陆人的毒害与觉醒,有联合国国际劳工组织(ILO)首次计算出世界平均工资的报道为证。 目前,中国大陆已成为世界第二大经济体,联合国国际劳工组织(ILO)首次计算出世界平均工资,尽管中国人薪资未达世全球平均水平的一半,但在中国网民中引起的反响却是"被联合国忽悠"了。网民用剥笋式方法,揭示出中国人的薪酬真相以及真实生活水平。 第一,中国职工薪酬只有ILO公布的一半。以2009年各国薪资数据为调查依据,联合国国际劳工组织(ILO)近日公布了对72个国家薪资的调查,全球平均数为月薪1480美元(约合人民币9327.7元),年薪不到1.8万美元。中国员工的月平均工资为656美元(约合人民币4134.4元),不到全球平均水平的一半,位列72个调查国家(地区)中的57位。 中国网民为什么会感到联合国在"忽悠"呢?因为月平均工资4134.4元远高于中国国家统计局公布的同年全国职工薪酬数据:2009年全国城镇非私营单位在岗职工年平均工资32736元(月均2728元),2010年为37147元(月均3095元);私营企业更低:2009年为18199元(月均1516元),2010年为20759元(月均1729元)。上述数据揭示的事实是,莫说2009年,就是比2009年同比增长13.5%的的2010年,无论在何种类型的单位工作,中国人的薪酬也比ILO公布的2009年数据要低得多。按当年人民币兑美元汇率1:6.3计算,2009年中国非私营单位薪酬为月均 433美元,私营企业为241美元。2008年的统计数据显示,在非私营与私营单位就业者人数分别为60%与40%多,折衷计算,中国的真实薪酬接近第68位的吉尔吉斯坦(Kyrgyzstan)的月平均工资 336美元。中国的GDP总量号称世界第二,但人均月工资却如此之低,这意味着普通中国人并没有能从GDP这块大蛋糕分到应该属于自己的那一块。 第二,ILO的薪资水平为何远高于中国自身水平。如果说国家统计局习惯性地将本国职工工薪高报,国人可以理解为那是出于粉饰政绩的需要,但ILO又没有这一动机,中国员工的薪酬为何也要"被增长"这么多呢?这其实怪不得ILO。因为除了在非常特别的情况下,不管是哪个联合国机构,需要任何特定国家的某类数据,基本都由该国政府提供。ILO这份有关全球薪资的调查报告,其实就是以各国自报的数据与统计样本为基础统计出来的。只能说马列意识形态政府相关机构在提供中国员工薪酬样本时,出于一贯的 "面子"需要,按照报喜不报忧的传统,做了一些必要的技术处理。比如在选送调查样本时,多选取经济发达地区如上海、广东、北京、山东、江苏等地的薪酬统计数字及调查样本报送联合国;或者在员工的概念与企业类别上作文章,将报酬很低的农民工从职工中排除——2008年的《中国统计年鉴》就将占全国非农业劳动力三分之二的农民工从职工当中排除——公务员和事业单位员工全列入"非私营单位",其薪酬自然比较高,看起来光鲜得多。 中国国家统计局或相关机构在向联合国选送数据时,依据的就是"为国家形象考虑"这一原则。至于两年后ILO公布之后公布的中国员工薪酬会高出本国公布的工资标准许多,既不是它要考虑的事情,普通中国人就算看到了,那也会被认为是联合国ILO的数据不实,不会把这笔帐算到政府机构选送数据样本上来。中国大陆的政府机构唯一没有想到的是:虽然高报了许多,也没"胖"出世界平均工资的水平,还未达其一半。 三、中国大陆人的真实生活水平。严格地说,ILO这里使用的美元并不是指货币实体的"美元",而是被称为"购买力平价法货币",也就是说,各国的人均收入被转化为以美元购买力为基准价值的数值。这里所说的人均月收入,其实是这一收入在美国的购买力。由于中国的通胀率是被政府相关机构严重低估的,所以中国人的购买力在此又是被高估的。 薪酬水平在一定程度上反映了该国大多数国民的购买力,意味着这个国家人民衣食住行的基本水平,以及是否有能力旅游休闲等。但由于被政府计入"职工"类别的人数在总就业人数当中偏低(据中国统计年鉴),只有1亿多,只占第二产业、第三产业从业人员 48287万人的四分之一左右。再加上ILO的统计不包括中国领取社会救济的贫困人口一亿左右及庞大的失业人口,所以ILO的薪资水平不能反映大多数中国人的真实生活水平。 盖洛普2010全球幸福调查发现,七成中国人感觉生活艰难。对此调查结果,《华尔街日报》的专栏作者 Josh Chin评述说,中国经济取得前所未有的繁荣,但中国现实乐观度较低,是因为"中国人往往重视谦逊,对预期的管理相对较严。而美国则不同,至少从19世纪以来,美国就被'天命论'的乐观理念所推动。"这句话说直白一点,就是作者认为,中国人的日子其实不错,只是因与生俱来的悲观主义,喜欢哭穷。但通过上述三重分析,可以证明,中国人对现实生活悲观并非源自其"与生俱来的悲观主义",中国人的"幸福生活"原本就是被本国政府通过数据游戏营造出来的虚假现象。…… 而上述事实,也迫使中国人不得不反思:谁才是中国真正的敌对势力?! (20120420星期五转载自大中华思想门户颜昌海的日志http://www.cnewn.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=1235&do=blog&id=2800) |
Posted: 20 Apr 2012 06:08 AM PDT 2012年商界展關懷提名結果已出爐 2012年商界展關懷提名結果已出爐,在3500間被提名公司中,香港社會服務聯會把「商界展關懷」或「同心展關懷」的標誌,頒贈給超過2500間公司。 當中,由龍緯汶文化藝術國際交流協會提名的 Ann Taylor Sourcing Far East Limited 榮獲連續五年「商界展關懷」標誌。 Ann Taylor Sourcing Far East Limited 於2011-2012年期間,不但捐款給油尖旺食物銀行,及協助該銀行添購物資及煮食用具;更組織由員工組成的義工隊,親臨該銀行,烹調食物給超過200名長者享用。 營運油尖旺食物銀行的龍緯汶文化藝術國際交流協會感謝Ann Taylor Sourcing Far East Limited的熱心,並認為 Ann Taylor Sourcing Far East Limited獲獎,實在實至名歸。 |
Posted: 20 Apr 2012 06:21 AM PDT 本文作者:小红猪小分队 一周回顾
这六篇文章,将告诉你,佛洛依德虽然在可能是心理学领域最知名的人物,但心理学的如今早已不是他那个年代的样子。心理学不是一门可以解释一切但毫无价值的江湖学说,也不是一座拍脑门想出,的架空而建的理论阁楼。同时,也将为你解释,为什么心理学经常被人误解为伪科学,进而说明心理学为什么是一门年轻但却发展迅速的科学。 本期抢稿与社交网络试图达到的目的:加强人们之间的联系,相矛盾的是,有研究表明,身处网络世界的人们,却似乎承受着前所未有的孤独感。 本期抢稿:Is Facebook Making Us Lonely? 抢稿方法每周五(北京时间晚十点)在科学松鼠会发布待翻译稿件原稿。 刊 出原稿后48小时内为试译期,有意参与者期间从原文中挑选一段愿意翻译的文字,翻好发到小红猪专用邮箱 jredpig#songshuhui.net。中英对照、长度不限、择优录取。P.S. 要是哪个翻译魔人直接翻完全篇那你中标的机会就大大增加啦!(提交的译文需要是一段英文一段中文交替的格式,便于校对) 试译期过后流程编辑查看邮箱,24小时内挑选出最佳译稿并与该投稿者联络。 抢到稿子者将有2周时间完成翻译。资讯类稿件限时一周。 若抢稿成功者有特殊原因不能完成须及时告知,流程编辑与当初报名的其他译者联系。 抢稿须知自己要把关质量,翻译准确,并做到语句通顺 抢稿前提是看懂,若有N多名词不知道准确含义,请勿抢稿 遇可能的科学术语请通过专业渠道核实译名 人名译法要规范,不能自创(推荐新华社《英语姓名译名手册》) 提交的译文需要是一段英文一段中文交替的格式,便于校对 抢稿者的作品经审核和校对,在群博发文时后边会附上校对打的小红花! 小红花试行规则如下如果校对觉得:"这个译者真靠谱哇!"——译者获5朵小红花; 校对觉得:"翻译得认真。"——译者获3.5朵小红花; 校对说:"有不少错,可以继续校对。"——译者获2朵小红花; 校对说:"让我重译吧……"——译者获0.5朵小红花; 提前交稿——译者额外获1朵小红花。 积分奖励译者积分满10分,可以自行挑选稿件翻译后投递到小红猪邮箱。 译者积分满20分,可报名成为校对,成功校对一篇稿件并发布后,可获3朵小红花。 译者积分满50即可正式晋级"小红猪",并以此作为申请成为"松鼠"、接受评议的资本之一。 抢稿方法 每周五(北京时间晚十点)在科学松鼠会发布待翻译稿件原稿。 |
Posted: 20 Apr 2012 09:59 AM PDT 记录者:唯色 昨天,4月19日下午,在安多壤塘(今四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州壤塘县中壤塘乡),两位藏人牧民曲帕嘉(Choephag Kyab)和索南(Sonam),分别为25岁和24岁,以自焚表达决绝的抗议。据自由亚洲藏语节目等媒体报道,两位自焚藏人已牺牲。而当地壤塘大寺为他们举行了超度法会,当局派军警包围壤塘大寺,要求立即火葬,当晚数千僧人与民众为两位自焚藏人举行了火葬仪式。因为暂时没有他们的照片,故在此帖以酥油供灯替代。 这两起同时发生的自焚事件,使得自焚藏人的人数升至38人,牺牲人数升至28人。也即是说,从2009年2月27日至2012年4月19日,在安多、康等藏地有35位境内藏人自焚,在印度、尼泊尔有3位流亡藏人自焚,共有38位藏人自焚,已知28人牺牲! 而在安多壤塘同一个地方,两个月前,即2月19日,18岁的僧人朗卓(Nang Dol)自焚,当场牺牲。 壤塘全称"壤巴拉塘",意为"黄财神的场地"。而今,此地为四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州所辖13县之一,属半农半牧。 此地是藏传佛教觉囊教派的中心,觉囊派三大寺即藏哇寺、确尔基寺、泽布基寺合称壤塘大寺,位于壤塘县中壤塘乡。三座寺院坐落在则曲河东岸,于14世纪后半叶,由觉囊派高僧仲然拉西日创建,但在1950年代与文化大革命期间惨遭毁灭,1980年代由藏人信众重建。 有资料如是记载:"五十年代末期,这三个寺院里几个世纪流传下来的大部分佛像、法器被没收,寺院几乎成了个空壳。至六十年代中期的文化大革命,横扫一切四旧,连寺院的空壳也被砸了个稀巴烂。比较起来,曲而基寺(即确尔基寺)的运气似乎还好一些,它的一座年代最久远的小庙(据考证已有五百九十年历史),五十年代末期已被改作公社卫生院,它的一座大经堂,'文革'中被公社当做仓库,堆堆粮草和杂物,这样,里面的菩萨虽然都被一扫而空,但这一大一小两幢房子总算没被推倒。" 由此证明,在38位自焚藏人中,包括了藏传佛教格鲁派、噶举派、觉囊派的僧人。 另外,在38位自焚藏人中,有25人属今四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州人,其中阿坝县20人、壤塘县3人、马尔康县2人。荒谬的是,如阿坝州政府门户网站2011年2月21日的报道《阿坝州"千名干部下基层"走笔》中所写:"阿坝县的每一名驻村干部……积极开展'千村同唱感恩歌'进村入户活动,掀起了一场用歌声感恩党、感恩祖国、感恩援建、感恩社会各界的热潮…做到全村村民都会唱《多谢了》、《我祝愿》、《感恩的心》等感恩歌曲……在农牧区迅速掀起唱感恩歌热潮,感恩歌曲唱响了阿坝高原,在农牧民群众中营造了铭恩奋进的良好氛围。"事实上,在这个"千村同唱感恩歌"活动中,除2009年2月27日自焚的格尔登寺僧人扎白外,有24位藏人以身浴火。 以下照片,是在网上找到的有关壤塘县中壤塘乡及壤塘寺的照片,三位自焚牺牲的年轻藏人——朗卓、曲帕嘉、索南——就在这块土地上生长,在这块土地上牺牲。 怀着悲伤的心情,我继续整理、补充自2009年以来自焚藏人的记录如下—— 从2009年2月27日至2012年3月30日,在境内藏地已有33位境内藏人自焚,在境外有3位流亡藏人自焚,共有36位藏人自焚,得知其中28人牺牲。简述这一严峻事况如下: 2009年1起自焚:2009年2月27日在四川省阿坝州阿坝县发生第1起。 2011年14起自焚(境内藏地12起,境外2起):2011年在四川省阿坝州阿坝县发生8起、在四川省甘孜州的道孚县和甘孜县发生3起、在西藏自治区昌都县发生1起。并且,2011年11月在印度新德里发生1起、在尼泊尔加德满都发生1起。 2012年1-4月,23起自焚(境内藏地22起,境外1起):2012年1月在四川省阿坝州阿坝县发生3起,在青海省果洛州达日县发生1起。2012年2月在四川省阿坝州阿坝县发生3起,在青海省玉树州称多县发生1起,在青海省海西州天峻县发生1起,在四川省阿坝州壤塘县发生1起。2012年3月在甘肃省甘南州玛曲县发生1起,在四川省阿坝州阿坝县发生5起,在青海省黄南州同仁县发生2起,在四川省阿坝州马尔康县发生2起。2012年3月在印度新德里发生1起。2012年4月在四川省阿坝州壤塘县发生2起。 【2012年:1月内,4位境内藏人自焚、牺牲;2月内,6位境内藏人自焚,其中4人牺牲;3月3日至30日,10位境内藏人自焚,其中9人牺牲;3月26日,1位流亡藏人自焚、牺牲;4月19日,2位境内藏人自焚、牺牲。】 按照图伯特传统地理:安多28位,康7位,嘉戎2位。另有出生在印度流亡藏人社区的1位。 按照今中国行政区划:四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州阿坝县20位、壤塘县3位、马尔康县2位;四川省甘孜藏族自治州甘孜县2位、道孚县3位;西藏自治区昌都地区昌都县1位;青海省果洛藏族自治州达日县1位;青海省玉树藏族自治州称多县1位;青海省海西蒙古族藏族自治州天峻县1位;甘肃省甘南藏族自治州玛曲县1位;青海省黄南藏族自治州同仁县2位。简述之,即四川省藏区30位,西藏自治区1位,青海省藏区5位,甘肃省藏区1位。另有出生在印度流亡藏人社区的1位。 其中男性33位,女性5位。最年长的为44岁,最年轻的可能是17岁。 其中朱古(Rinpoche,活佛)1位,普通僧人17位,尼师3位。这当中多为格鲁派僧人,1位原为噶举派僧人,1位为觉囊派僧人。 其中14位是农牧民,其中有些人曾有出家为僧的经历,但多人属于被当局的工作组驱除出寺,有人属于还俗离寺;有一位是两个孩子的父亲,有一位是三个(或四个)孩子的母亲,有一位是三个孩子的父亲。 还有2位是流亡藏人中的俗人。 还有1位是女中学生。 38位自焚的境内、境外藏人中,已知28人牺牲,其中15人当场牺牲,12人被军警强行带走之后身亡,1人在印度新德里医院重伤不治而亡。 38位自焚的境内、境外藏人中,已知有6人至今在当局手中, 3人已身残,却被禁止家人探访和照顾,他们是:2009年2月27日自焚的格尔登寺僧人扎白、2011年9月26日自焚的格尔登寺僧人洛桑贡确、2012年2月8日自焚的称多县拉布寺僧人索南热央;3人下落不明、生死不明,他们是:2011年9月26日的格尔登寺僧人洛桑格桑、2011年10月3日自焚的格尔登寺僧人格桑旺久、2012年2月13日自焚的格尔登寺僧人洛桑嘉措。 两位境外的流亡藏人(西绕次多Sherab Tsedor与博楚Bhutuk)在自焚后获得救治,已伤愈。 两位境内藏人(甘孜寺僧人达瓦次仁和隆务寺僧人加央华旦)在自焚后,先是被藏人僧俗送到医院,之后又从医院接回寺院,由藏人们自己照顾、救治。当地人说这是担心自焚者被军警从医院强行带走,一去不归。而3月14日自焚的隆务寺僧人加央华旦,在自焚第三天念诵了一段佛教经文,大意是为了一切有情众生,宁愿舍弃自我。 |
Posted: 20 Apr 2012 04:40 AM PDT 本文作者:小红猪小分队 Original:http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/05/is-facebook-making-us-lonely/8930/ Social media—from Facebook to Twitter—have made us more densely networked than ever. Yet for all this connectivity, new research suggests that we have never been lonelier (or more narcissistic)—and that this loneliness is making us mentally and physically ill. A report on what the epidemic of loneliness is doing to our souls and our society. 【Phillip Toledano】 YVETTE VICKERS, A FORMER Playboy playmate and B-movie star, best known for her role inAttack of the 50 Foot Woman, would have been 83 last August, but nobody knows exactly how old she was when she died. According to the Los Angeles coroner's report, she lay dead for the better part of a year before a neighbor and fellow actress, a woman named Susan Savage, noticed cobwebs and yellowing letters in her mailbox, reached through a broken window to unlock the door, and pushed her way through the piles of junk mail and mounds of clothing that barricaded the house. Upstairs, she found Vickers's body, mummified, near a heater that was still running. Her computer was on too, its glow permeating the empty space. The Los Angeles Times posted a story headlined "Mummified Body of Former Playboy Playmate Yvette Vickers Found in Her Benedict Canyon Home," which quickly went viral. Within two weeks, by Technorati's count, Vickers's lonesome death was already the subject of 16,057 Facebook posts and 881 tweets. She had long been a horror-movie icon, a symbol of Hollywood's capacity to exploit our most basic fears in the silliest ways; now she was an icon of a new and different kind of horror: our growing fear of loneliness. Certainly she received much more attention in death than she did in the final years of her life. With no children, no religious group, and no immediate social circle of any kind, she had begun, as an elderly woman, to look elsewhere for companionship. Savage later told Los Angeles magazine that she had searched Vickers's phone bills for clues about the life that led to such an end. In the months before her grotesque death, Vickers had made calls not to friends or family but to distant fans who had found her through fan conventions and Internet sites. Vickers's web of connections had grown broader but shallower, as has happened for many of us. We are living in an isolation that would have been unimaginable to our ancestors, and yet we have never been more accessible. Over the past three decades, technology has delivered to us a world in which we need not be out of contact for a fraction of a moment. In 2010, at a cost of $300 million, 800 miles of fiber-optic cable was laid between the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange to shave three milliseconds off trading times. Yet within this world of instant and absolute communication, unbounded by limits of time or space, we suffer from unprecedented alienation. We have never been more detached from one another, or lonelier. In a world consumed by ever more novel modes of socializing, we have less and less actual society. We live in an accelerating contradiction: the more connected we become, the lonelier we are. We were promised a global village; instead we inhabit the drab cul-de-sacs and endless freeways of a vast suburb of information. At the forefront of all this unexpectedly lonely interactivity is Facebook, with 845 million users and $3.7 billion in revenue last year. The company hopes to raise $5 billion in an initial public offering later this spring, which will make it by far the largest Internet IPO in history. Some recent estimates put the company's potential value at $100 billion, which would make it larger than the global coffee industry—one addiction preparing to surpass the other. Facebook's scale and reach are hard to comprehend: last summer, Facebook became, by some counts, the first Web site to receive 1 trillion page views in a month. In the last three months of 2011, users generated an average of 2.7 billion "likes" and comments every day. On whatever scale you care to judge Facebook—as a company, as a culture, as a country—it is vast beyond imagination. Despite its immense popularity, or more likely because of it, Facebook has, from the beginning, been under something of a cloud of suspicion. The depiction of Mark Zuckerberg, in The Social Network, as a bastard with symptoms of Asperger's syndrome, was nonsense. But it felt true. It felt true to Facebook, if not to Zuckerberg. The film's most indelible scene, the one that may well have earned it an Oscar, was the final, silent shot of an anomic Zuckerberg sending out a friend request to his ex-girlfriend, then waiting and clicking and waiting and clicking—a moment of superconnected loneliness preserved in amber. We have all been in that scene: transfixed by the glare of a screen, hungering for response. When you sign up for Google+ and set up your Friends circle, the program specifies that you should include only "your real friends, the ones you feel comfortable sharing private details with." That one little phrase, Your real friends—so quaint, so charmingly mothering—perfectly encapsulates the anxieties that social media have produced: the fears that Facebook is interfering with our real friendships, distancing us from each other, making us lonelier; and that social networking might be spreading the very isolation it seemed designed to conquer. FACEBOOK ARRIVED IN THE MIDDLE of a dramatic increase in the quantity and intensity of human loneliness, a rise that initially made the site's promise of greater connection seem deeply attractive. Americans are more solitary than ever before. In 1950, less than 10 percent of American households contained only one person. By 2010, nearly 27 percent of households had just one person. Solitary living does not guarantee a life of unhappiness, of course. In his recent book about the trend toward living alone, Eric Klinenberg, a sociologist at NYU, writes: "Reams of published research show that it's the quality, not the quantity of social interaction, that best predicts loneliness." True. But before we begin the fantasies of happily eccentric singledom, of divorcées dropping by their knitting circles after work for glasses of Drew Barrymore pinot grigio, or recent college graduates with perfectly articulated, Steampunk-themed, 300-square-foot apartments organizing croquet matches with their book clubs, we should recognize that it is not just isolation that is rising sharply. It's loneliness, too. And loneliness makes us miserable. We know intuitively that loneliness and being alone are not the same thing. Solitude can be lovely. Crowded parties can be agony. We also know, thanks to a growing body of research on the topic, that loneliness is not a matter of external conditions; it is a psychological state. A 2005 analysis of data from a longitudinal study of Dutch twins showed that the tendency toward loneliness has roughly the same genetic component as other psychological problems such as neuroticism or anxiety. Still, loneliness is slippery, a difficult state to define or diagnose. The best tool yet developed for measuring the condition is the UCLA Loneliness Scale, a series of 20 questions that all begin with this formulation: "How often do you feel …?" As in: "How often do you feel that you are 'in tune' with the people around you?" And: "How often do you feel that you lack companionship?" Measuring the condition in these terms, various studies have shown loneliness rising drastically over a very short period of recent history. A 2010 AARP survey found that 35 percent of adults older than 45 were chronically lonely, as opposed to 20 percent of a similar group only a decade earlier. According to a major study by a leading scholar of the subject, roughly 20 percent of Americans—about 60 million people—are unhappy with their lives because of loneliness. Across the Western world, physicians and nurses have begun to speak openly of an epidemic of loneliness. The new studies on loneliness are beginning to yield some surprising preliminary findings about its mechanisms. Almost every factor that one might assume affects loneliness does so only some of the time, and only under certain circumstances. People who are married are less lonely than single people, one journal article suggests, but only if their spouses are confidants. If one's spouse is not a confidant, marriage may not decrease loneliness. A belief in God might help, or it might not, as a 1990 German study comparing levels of religious feeling and levels of loneliness discovered. Active believers who saw God as abstract and helpful rather than as a wrathful, immediate presence were less lonely. "The mere belief in God," the researchers concluded, "was relatively independent of loneliness." But it is clear that social interaction matters. Loneliness and being alone are not the same thing, but both are on the rise. We meet fewer people. We gather less. And when we gather, our bonds are less meaningful and less easy. The decrease in confidants—that is, in quality social connections—has been dramatic over the past 25 years. In one survey, the mean size of networks of personal confidants decreased from 2.94 people in 1985 to 2.08 in 2004. Similarly, in 1985, only 10 percent of Americans said they had no one with whom to discuss important matters, and 15 percent said they had only one such good friend. By 2004, 25 percent had nobody to talk to, and 20 percent had only one confidant. In the face of this social disintegration, we have essentially hired an army of replacement confidants, an entire class of professional carers. As Ronald Dworkin pointed out in a 2010 paper for the Hoover Institution, in the late '40s, the United States was home to 2,500 clinical psychologists, 30,000 social workers, and fewer than 500 marriage and family therapists. As of 2010, the country had 77,000 clinical psychologists, 192,000 clinical social workers, 400,000 nonclinical social workers, 50,000 marriage and family therapists, 105,000 mental-health counselors, 220,000 substance-abuse counselors, 17,000 nurse psychotherapists, and 30,000 life coaches. The majority of patients in therapy do not warrant a psychiatric diagnosis. This raft of psychic servants is helping us through what used to be called regular problems. We have outsourced the work of everyday caring. We need professional carers more and more, because the threat of societal breakdown, once principally a matter of nostalgic lament, has morphed into an issue of public health. Being lonely is extremely bad for your health. If you're lonely, you're more likely to be put in a geriatric home at an earlier age than a similar person who isn't lonely. You're less likely to exercise. You're more likely to be obese. You're less likely to survive a serious operation and more likely to have hormonal imbalances. You are at greater risk of inflammation. Your memory may be worse. You are more likely to be depressed, to sleep badly, and to suffer dementia and general cognitive decline. Loneliness may not have killed Yvette Vickers, but it has been linked to a greater probability of having the kind of heart condition that did kill her. And yet, despite its deleterious effect on health, loneliness is one of the first things ordinary Americans spend their money achieving. With money, you flee the cramped city to a house in the suburbs or, if you can afford it, a McMansion in the exurbs, inevitably spending more time in your car. Loneliness is at the American core, a by-product of a long-standing national appetite for independence: The Pilgrims who left Europe willingly abandoned the bonds and strictures of a society that could not accept their right to be different. They did not seek out loneliness, but they accepted it as the price of their autonomy. The cowboys who set off to explore a seemingly endless frontier likewise traded away personal ties in favor of pride and self-respect. The ultimate American icon is the astronaut: Who is more heroic, or more alone? The price of self-determination and self-reliance has often been loneliness. But Americans have always been willing to pay that price. Today, the one common feature in American secular culture is its celebration of the self that breaks away from the constrictions of the family and the state, and, in its greatest expressions, from all limits entirely. The great American poem is Whitman's "Song of Myself." The great American essay is Emerson's "Self-Reliance." The great American novel is Melville's Moby-Dick, the tale of a man on a quest so lonely that it is incomprehensible to those around him. American culture, high and low, is about self-expression and personal authenticity. Franklin Delano Roosevelt called individualism "the great watchword of American life." Self-invention is only half of the American story, however. The drive for isolation has always been in tension with the impulse to cluster in communities that cling and suffocate. The Pilgrims, while fomenting spiritual rebellion, also enforced ferocious cohesion. The Salem witch trials, in hindsight, read like attempts to impose solidarity—as do the McCarthy hearings. The history of the United States is like the famous parable of the porcupines in the cold, from Schopenhauer's Studies in Pessimism—the ones who huddle together for warmth and shuffle away in pain, always separating and congregating. We are now in the middle of a long period of shuffling away. In his 2000 book Bowling Alone, Robert D. Putnam attributed the dramatic post-war decline of social capital—the strength and value of interpersonal networks—to numerous interconnected trends in American life: suburban sprawl, television's dominance over culture, the self-absorption of the Baby Boomers, the disintegration of the traditional family. The trends he observed continued through the prosperity of the aughts, and have only become more pronounced with time: the rate of union membership declined in 2011, again; screen time rose; the Masons and the Elks continued their slide into irrelevance. We are lonely because we want to be lonely. We have made ourselves lonely. The question of the future is this: Is Facebook part of the separating or part of the congregating; is it a huddling-together for warmth or a shuffling-away in pain? WELL BEFORE FACEBOOK, digital technology was enabling our tendency for isolation, to an unprecedented degree. Back in the 1990s, scholars started calling the contradiction between an increased opportunity to connect and a lack of human contact the "Internet paradox." A prominent 1998 article on the phenomenon by a team of researchers at Carnegie Mellon showed that increased Internet usage was already coinciding with increased loneliness. Critics of the study pointed out that the two groups that participated in the study—high-school journalism students who were heading to university and socially active members of community-development boards—were statistically likely to become lonelier over time. Which brings us to a more fundamental question: Does the Internet make people lonely, or are lonely people more attracted to the Internet? The question has intensified in the Facebook era. A recent study out of Australia (where close to half the population is active on Facebook), titled "Who Uses Facebook?," found a complex and sometimes confounding relationship between loneliness and social networking. Facebook users had slightly lower levels of "social loneliness"—the sense of not feeling bonded with friends—but "significantly higher levels of family loneliness"—the sense of not feeling bonded with family. It may be that Facebook encourages more contact with people outside of our household, at the expense of our family relationships—or it may be that people who have unhappy family relationships in the first place seek companionship through other means, including Facebook. The researchers also found that lonely people are inclined to spend more time on Facebook: "One of the most noteworthy findings," they wrote, "was the tendency for neurotic and lonely individuals to spend greater amounts of time on Facebook per day than non-lonely individuals." And they found that neurotics are more likely to prefer to use the wall, while extroverts tend to use chat features in addition to the wall. Moira Burke, until recently a graduate student at the Human-Computer Institute at Carnegie Mellon, used to run a longitudinal study of 1,200 Facebook users. That study, which is ongoing, is one of the first to step outside the realm of self-selected college students and examine the effects of Facebook on a broader population, over time. She concludes that the effect of Facebook depends on what you bring to it. Just as your mother said: you get out only what you put in. If you use Facebook to communicate directly with other individuals—by using the "like" button, commenting on friends' posts, and so on—it can increase your social capital. Personalized messages, or what Burke calls "composed communication," are more satisfying than "one-click communication"—the lazy click of a like. "People who received composed communication became less lonely, while people who received one-click communication experienced no change in loneliness," Burke tells me. So, you should inform your friend in writing how charming her son looks with Harry Potter cake smeared all over his face, and how interesting her sepia-toned photograph of that tree-framed bit of skyline is, and how cool it is that she's at whatever concert she happens to be at. That's what we all want to hear. Even better than sending a private Facebook message is the semi-public conversation, the kind of back-and-forth in which you half ignore the other people who may be listening in. "People whose friends write to them semi-publicly on Facebook experience decreases in loneliness," Burke says. On the other hand, non-personalized use of Facebook—scanning your friends' status updates and updating the world on your own activities via your wall, or what Burke calls "passive consumption" and "broadcasting"—correlates to feelings of disconnectedness. It's a lonely business, wandering the labyrinths of our friends' and pseudo-friends' projected identities, trying to figure out what part of ourselves we ought to project, who will listen, and what they will hear. According to Burke, passive consumption of Facebook also correlates to a marginal increase in depression. "If two women each talk to their friends the same amount of time, but one of them spends more time reading about friends on Facebook as well, the one reading tends to grow slightly more depressed," Burke says. Her conclusion suggests that my sometimes unhappy reactions to Facebook may be more universal than I had realized. When I scroll through page after page of my friends' descriptions of how accidentally eloquent their kids are, and how their husbands are endearingly bumbling, and how they're all about to eat a home-cooked meal prepared with fresh local organic produce bought at the farmers' market and then go for a jog and maybe check in at the office because they're so busy getting ready to hop on a plane for a week of luxury dogsledding in Lapland, I do grow slightly more miserable. A lot of other people doing the same thing feel a little bit worse, too. Still, Burke's research does not support the assertion that Facebook creates loneliness. The people who experience loneliness on Facebook are lonely away from Facebook, too, she points out; on Facebook, as everywhere else, correlation is not causation. The popular kids are popular, and the lonely skulkers skulk alone. Perhaps it says something about me that I think Facebook is primarily a platform for lonely skulking. I mention to Burke the widely reported study, conducted by a Stanford graduate student, that showed how believing that others have strong social networks can lead to feelings of depression. What does Facebook communicate, if not the impression of social bounty? Everybody else looks so happy on Facebook, with so many friends, that our own social networks feel emptier than ever in comparison. Doesn't that make people feel lonely? "If people are reading about lives that are much better than theirs, two things can happen," Burke tells me. "They can feel worse about themselves, or they can feel motivated." Burke will start working at Facebook as a data scientist this year. JOHN CACIOPPO, THE director of the Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience at the University of Chicago, is the world's leading expert on loneliness. In his landmark book, Loneliness, released in 2008, he revealed just how profoundly the epidemic of loneliness is affecting the basic functions of human physiology. He found higher levels of epinephrine, the stress hormone, in the morning urine of lonely people. Loneliness burrows deep: "When we drew blood from our older adults and analyzed their white cells," he writes, "we found that loneliness somehow penetrated the deepest recesses of the cell to alter the way genes were being expressed." Loneliness affects not only the brain, then, but the basic process of DNA transcription. When you are lonely, your whole body is lonely. To Cacioppo, Internet communication allows only ersatz intimacy. "Forming connections with pets or online friends or even God is a noble attempt by an obligatorily gregarious creature to satisfy a compelling need," he writes. "But surrogates can never make up completely for the absence of the real thing." The "real thing" being actual people, in the flesh. When I speak to Cacioppo, he is refreshingly clear on what he sees as Facebook's effect on society. Yes, he allows, some research has suggested that the greater the number of Facebook friends a person has, the less lonely she is. But he argues that the impression this creates can be misleading. "For the most part," he says, "people are bringing their old friends, and feelings of loneliness or connectedness, to Facebook." The idea that a Web site could deliver a more friendly, interconnected world is bogus. The depth of one's social network outside Facebook is what determines the depth of one's social network within Facebook, not the other way around. Using social media doesn't create new social networks; it just transfers established networks from one platform to another. For the most part, Facebook doesn't destroy friendships—but it doesn't create them, either. In one experiment, Cacioppo looked for a connection between the loneliness of subjects and the relative frequency of their interactions via Facebook, chat rooms, online games, dating sites, and face-to-face contact. The results were unequivocal. "The greater the proportion of face-to-face interactions, the less lonely you are," he says. "The greater the proportion of online interactions, the lonelier you are." Surely, I suggest to Cacioppo, this means that Facebook and the like inevitably make people lonelier. He disagrees. Facebook is merely a tool, he says, and like any tool, its effectiveness will depend on its user. "If you use Facebook to increase face-to-face contact," he says, "it increases social capital." So if social media let you organize a game of football among your friends, that's healthy. If you turn to social media instead of playing football, however, that's unhealthy. "Facebook can be terrific, if we use it properly," Cacioppo continues. "It's like a car. You can drive it to pick up your friends. Or you can drive alone." But hasn't the car increased loneliness? If cars created the suburbs, surely they also created isolation. "That's because of how we use cars," Cacioppo replies. "How we use these technologies can lead to more integration, rather than more isolation." The problem, then, is that we invite loneliness, even though it makes us miserable. The history of our use of technology is a history of isolation desired and achieved. When the Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company opened its A&P stores, giving Americans self-service access to groceries, customers stopped having relationships with their grocers. When the telephone arrived, people stopped knocking on their neighbors' doors. Social media bring this process to a much wider set of relationships. Researchers at the HP Social Computing Lab who studied the nature of people's connections on Twitter came to a depressing, if not surprising, conclusion: "Most of the links declared within Twitter were meaningless from an interaction point of view." I have to wonder: What other point of view is meaningful? LONELINESS IS CERTAINLY not something that Facebook or Twitter or any of the lesser forms of social media is doing to us. We are doing it to ourselves. Casting technology as some vague, impersonal spirit of history forcing our actions is a weak excuse. We make decisions about how we use our machines, not the other way around. Every time I shop at my local grocery store, I am faced with a choice. I can buy my groceries from a human being or from a machine. I always, without exception, choose the machine. It's faster and more efficient, I tell myself, but the truth is that I prefer not having to wait with the other customers who are lined up alongside the conveyor belt: the hipster mom who disapproves of my high-carbon-footprint pineapple; the lady who tenses to the point of tears while she waits to see if the gods of the credit-card machine will accept or decline; the old man whose clumsy feebleness requires a patience that I don't possess. Much better to bypass the whole circus and just ring up the groceries myself. Our omnipresent new technologies lure us toward increasingly superficial connections at exactly the same moment that they make avoiding the mess of human interaction easy. The beauty of Facebook, the source of its power, is that it enables us to be social while sparing us the embarrassing reality of society—the accidental revelations we make at parties, the awkward pauses, the farting and the spilled drinks and the general gaucherie of face-to-face contact. Instead, we have the lovely smoothness of a seemingly social machine. Everything's so simple: status updates, pictures, your wall. But the price of this smooth sociability is a constant compulsion to assert one's own happiness, one's own fulfillment. Not only must we contend with the social bounty of others; we must foster the appearance of our own social bounty. Being happy all the time, pretending to be happy, actually attempting to be happy—it's exhausting. Last year a team of researchers led by Iris Mauss at the University of Denver published a study looking into "the paradoxical effects of valuing happiness." Most goals in life show a direct correlation between valuation and achievement. Studies have found, for example, that students who value good grades tend to have higher grades than those who don't value them. Happiness is an exception. The study came to a disturbing conclusion:
The more you try to be happy, the less happy you are. Sophocles made roughly the same point. Facebook, of course, puts the pursuit of happiness front and center in our digital life. Its capacity to redefine our very concepts of identity and personal fulfillment is much more worrisome than the data-mining and privacy practices that have aroused anxieties about the company. Two of the most compelling critics of Facebook—neither of them a Luddite—concentrate on exactly this point. Jaron Lanier, the author of You Are Not a Gadget, was one of the inventors of virtual-reality technology. His view of where social media are taking us reads like dystopian science fiction: "I fear that we are beginning to design ourselves to suit digital models of us, and I worry about a leaching of empathy and humanity in that process." Lanier argues that Facebook imprisons us in the business of self-presenting, and this, to his mind, is the site's crucial and fatally unacceptable downside. Sherry Turkle, a professor of computer culture at MIT who in 1995 published the digital-positive analysis Life on the Screen, is much more skeptical about the effects of online society in her 2011 book, Alone Together: "These days, insecure in our relationships and anxious about intimacy, we look to technology for ways to be in relationships and protect ourselves from them at the same time." The problem with digital intimacy is that it is ultimately incomplete: "The ties we form through the Internet are not, in the end, the ties that bind. But they are the ties that preoccupy," she writes. "We don't want to intrude on each other, so instead we constantly intrude on each other, but not in 'real time.'" Lanier and Turkle are right, at least in their diagnoses. Self-presentation on Facebook is continuous, intensely mediated, and possessed of a phony nonchalance that eliminates even the potential for spontaneity. ("Look how casually I threw up these three photos from the party at which I took 300 photos!") Curating the exhibition of the self has become a 24/7 occupation. Perhaps not surprisingly, then, the Australian study "Who Uses Facebook?" found a significant correlation between Facebook use and narcissism: "Facebook users have higher levels of total narcissism, exhibitionism, and leadership than Facebook nonusers," the study's authors wrote. "In fact, it could be argued that Facebook specifically gratifies the narcissistic individual's need to engage in self-promoting and superficial behavior." Rising narcissism isn't so much a trend as the trend behind all other trends. In preparation for the 2013 edition of its diagnostic manual, the psychiatric profession is currently struggling to update its definition of narcissistic personality disorder. Still, generally speaking, practitioners agree that narcissism manifests in patterns of fantastic grandiosity, craving for attention, and lack of empathy. In a 2008 survey, 35,000 American respondents were asked if they had ever had certain symptoms of narcissistic personality disorder. Among people older than 65, 3 percent reported symptoms. Among people in their 20s, the proportion was nearly 10 percent. Across all age groups, one in 16 Americans has experienced some symptoms of NPD. And loneliness and narcissism are intimately connected: a longitudinal study of Swedish women demonstrated a strong link between levels of narcissism in youth and levels of loneliness in old age. The connection is fundamental. Narcissism is the flip side of loneliness, and either condition is a fighting retreat from the messy reality of other people. A considerable part of Facebook's appeal stems from its miraculous fusion of distance with intimacy, or the illusion of distance with the illusion of intimacy. Our online communities become engines of self-image, and self-image becomes the engine of community. The real danger with Facebook is not that it allows us to isolate ourselves, but that by mixing our appetite for isolation with our vanity, it threatens to alter the very nature of solitude. The new isolation is not of the kind that Americans once idealized, the lonesomeness of the proudly nonconformist, independent-minded, solitary stoic, or that of the astronaut who blasts into new worlds. Facebook's isolation is a grind. What's truly staggering about Facebook usage is not its volume—750 million photographs uploaded over a single weekend—but the constancy of the performance it demands. More than half its users—and one of every 13 people on Earth is a Facebook user—log on every day. Among 18-to-34-year-olds, nearly half check Facebook minutes after waking up, and 28 percent do so before getting out of bed. The relentlessness is what is so new, so potentially transformative. Facebook never takes a break. We never take a break. Human beings have always created elaborate acts of self-presentation. But not all the time, not every morning, before we even pour a cup of coffee. Yvette Vickers's computer was on when she died. Nostalgia for the good old days of disconnection would not just be pointless, it would be hypocritical and ungrateful. But the very magic of the new machines, the efficiency and elegance with which they serve us, obscures what isn't being served: everything that matters. What Facebook has revealed about human nature—and this is not a minor revelation—is that a connection is not the same thing as a bond, and that instant and total connection is no salvation, no ticket to a happier, better world or a more liberated version of humanity. Solitude used to be good for self-reflection and self-reinvention. But now we are left thinking about who we are all the time, without ever really thinking about who we are. Facebook denies us a pleasure whose profundity we had underestimated: the chance to forget about ourselves for a while, the chance to disconnect. Stephen Marche, a novelist, writes a monthly column for Esquire. Naturally, you can friend him on Facebook or follow him on Twitter. |
Posted: 19 Apr 2012 10:59 PM PDT 刘统:1948年共产党战胜国民党的真正原因(转载)
主讲:上海交通大学历史系教授 刘统 |
Posted: 20 Apr 2012 12:58 AM PDT
电影《泰坦尼克号》中的"高富帅"为什么只爱钱财枯燥无味?为什么中规中矩没有激情?为什么会让穷小子抢了自己的漂亮未婚妻?耶鲁大学管理学院的陈志武教授发微博点评,从经济学角度给出了有意思的解读。让我们摘录几篇与读者分享:
《泰坦尼克号》故事典型处在于:富人男友有钱但没激情只爱钱财、中规中矩、枯燥无味,对女人没吸引力,而流浪汉杰克过了此顿不知下顿、无拘无束但豪情奔放、魅力无穷,女人为之倾倒。为什么成功有钱男人一般中规中矩而没钱青年豪情奔放、充满魅力?难道有钱男人天生如此?是导演作家们虚构还是别的逻辑?
似乎不只是电影中而且小说里,成功有钱男人一般会中规中矩、枯燥无味而没钱青年会豪情奔放、充满魅力。生活中,你认识过反例吗?当然没钱也没激情的男人肯定很多,这些例子就不用了。
之所以有钱男人更可能中规中矩枯燥无味,而没钱青年更豪情奔放充满吸引女人的魅力,因为富有男人机会成本高、有太多名利要守住,因此行为必须保守、不追求奇异冒险;相反,《泰坦尼克》流浪汉杰克没什么需守住,机会成本低,豪情奔放个性自由属必然。富有男人和贫穷男人的区别不在本质而在机会成本不同。
再看《泰坦尼克号》就想:为何电影和小说总喜欢让富人未婚夫眼巴巴看着漂亮未婚妻爱上一个穷小伙,跟穷小伙私奔?难道有钱男人真的跟穷男人不一样,没有对女人的魅力?如果不一样,是先天差别还是后天的?我看是后天的。
既然人有钱有产后就更会中规中矩行为保守,因为他们行为乱序的机会成本太高,那么私有制就是社会良序稳定的最优安排:当大多数人为有产者时,谁都成为秩序和稳定的支持者。而名义上的公有制实质上让社会绝大多数成为无产者,使大家都热衷革命。历史上浙江等地私有经济发达,其革命种子历来少。为什么?
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Posted: 20 Apr 2012 01:58 AM PDT 4月19日上午10点,韩国仁川地方法院对中国渔船"鲁文渔"号船长程大伟刺死韩国海警案进行宣判。程大伟被判处30年有期徒刑,罚款2000万韩元(约合人民币11.2万元)。韩方曾称程大伟杀人有缜密计划,而且未向受害人作出补偿,鉴于遗属的要求,被告人将难逃严惩。在这之前,曾经有消息说,韩国检方要求判处这位涉刺杀海警的中国船长死刑。 据程大伟供述,他承认非法作业,那么,韩国警察对中国渔船采取行动于法有据。至于程大伟说当时挥刀只想自保,从来没有想过杀人,但是事实是,他确实杀了人,而且是杀了执行公务的韩国警察,造成一死一伤的严重后果。这样的情况出现在韩国,若是其面对的是中国警察,程大伟早就被从严从快从重了。 对于韩国地方法院对程大伟的判决,我不想多说什么。令我纠结和如鲠在喉的,是中国官方对这个事件的反应和态度。 12月13日,也就是程大伟刺杀韩国海警的第二天,中国外交部发言人刘为民很有外交风范地表述,中方对韩国海警在与中国渔民冲突中伤亡表示遗憾。"这是一起不幸的事件",目前中韩双方有关主管部门正在密切沟通,抓紧调查核实有关情况。随后,中国官方少有对程大伟刺杀海警事件进行表述的。 4月19日韩国地方法院判决之后,中国外交部发言人刘为民在例行记者会上表示,中方不接受韩方单方面适用"专属经济区法"对中国渔民作出判决。他表示,事件发生后,中方一直与韩方保持密切沟通,敦促韩方理性、公正、妥善处理此案。中方将继续关注案件进展,并为本案中当事中国公民提供必要协助,维护他们的正当、合法权益。这样的表述,政治上完全正确,等于屁话。 表面上看,中国官方积极应对这个事件,既冠冕堂皇地表述了维护中国公民正当、合法权益的立场,又高调地撇清中国官方。可是,中国官方的这个貌似公正的表态,却凸显出中国官方对国民在海外遇事的冷漠、冷酷和旁观者立场,这一点,到跟这个自诩的人民政府在对人民的漠视上保持着一脉相承的高度一致性。除了外交部发言人具有外交风范的表述,中国官方保持着高贵的沉默,韩国地方法院审判之前,程大伟很少接受到来自中国官方的关注与关心,即使程大伟被韩国地方法院判处30年有期徒刑,我们依然看不到来自中国官方的关心和关注,相关高层在中国大陆公民海外遇事中,一如既往地保持着一种高贵或者冷血的肮脏嘴脸。 记得当年有一位美国青年在新加坡扰乱社会秩序,法官判决给与其鞭刑,美国总统因此致电新加坡总统要求法外开恩。这样的例子,在对其国民负责任的国家,屡见不鲜。可是,在中国公民海外遇事上,却鲜有国家元首或者政府最高首长公开表述、表态的例子。 昨天跟朋友谈到这些,非常愤懑,说真应该给中国的这些国家领导人吃些伟哥,也许他们就能硬起来,为中国公民呛声说话。朋友说,伟哥就不要给人家吃了,已经过了用伟哥管用的年纪。还是让他们多喝一些茅台,喝多了抖擞、得瑟一下豪情,也许就能雄起,替中国公民说上一两句话,即使酒话醉话,也比装聋作哑装孙子玩低调韬光养晦来的高级。 若茅台酒真能够让中国的国家领导人如此,这个当下中国最腐败的道具儿,也算是有些用处了!
小远2012年4月20日星期五 16:50阴 上海理道之理道文化兔,我只是一只有文化的兔子 |
Posted: 19 Apr 2012 11:20 PM PDT 1976年9月9日,主宰中华大地九亿多中国人命运的中共中央主席毛泽东逝世了。连续数天,到处设毛泽东灵堂,进行悼念活动。9月18日,北京安排了百万人汇聚在天安门广场,举行极其隆重的追悼会。天安门广场下半旗志哀,横贯天安门城楼的横幅上写着:"伟大的领袖和导师毛泽东主席追悼大会"。下午3时整,追悼大会开始。全体肃立,百万人默哀3分钟。由500人组成的庞大军乐团奏起哀乐。与此同时,除了港澳台地区外,中国所有工厂、矿山、列车、货轮和军舰,汽笛长鸣。更有甚者,除了港澳台地区外,中华人民共和国960万平方公里土地上,到处同步举行毛泽东追悼会。在不崇拜毛泽东就难以生存的中国大陆,除了年纪特别老的人和特别小的人 …… |
Posted: 19 Apr 2012 11:29 PM PDT 編按:收到商務及經濟發展局回應轉載於獨媒網,由「鍵盤戰士」所寫的文章反對《2011年版權(修訂)條例草案》和發動的網上聯署。原文刊登於此。 ﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣ 執事先生: 貴會綱站刊登關於《2011年版權(修訂)條例草案》("條例草案")的函件 。 我們希望借此機會澄清當中幾項對條例草案的主要誤解,煩請代為將我們的回覆上載至貴會網站。 傳播權利 條例草案其中一項主要修訂建議,是訂定科技中立的傳播權利。為保障這項權利而訂立的相應刑責,針對的是牟利或大規模的侵權活動;而界定盜版活動的刑事和民事法律責任也採用與現時的標準相同的準則。英國和澳洲也採用類似的準則制訂有關未獲授權傳播版權作品的刑責。 為了釋除網民關於誤墮刑網的疑慮,我們在條例草案中提出一籃子因素供法院參考以釐清刑責的界線。部分網民指出,一般而言,二次創作不會替代原版權作品,因此不會對原作品的合法市場造成負面影響。考慮到這項意見及聽取了條例草案委員會的意見後,政府已進一步提出修訂條文。按這項修訂條文,如個案並不涉及經濟損害,將難以提出檢控。我們相信有關修訂已大體上回應了網民的意見。 訂立有關二次創作的版權豁免可能實質改變版權擁有人與使用者權益之間的平衡。雖然其他司法管轄區已就訂立二次創作的版權豁免進行過政策討論,但目前對二次創作仍未有統一的法律定義。因此我們認為在未經公眾諮詢的情況下,不宜匆匆在本地法例加入有關豁免。 在完成今次的修例後,政府願意就有關豁免二次創作進行研究,包括諮詢有關持份者及參考其他普通法國家對二次創作的處理手法。 私隱 為回應網民關注,我們在諮詢過私隱專員後,已對條例草案提出修訂,讓用戶如決定提交異議通知反對某項侵權指稱,可以選擇要求聯線服務提供者在轉交給投訴人的異議通知副本中略去個人資料。 對作品的貶損處理 現行的《版權條例》已為作者反對作品受貶損處理的權利提供了保障,但並不屬刑事條文。條例草案並無改變有關規定。其他普通法司法管轄區(例如澳洲、加拿大、新西蘭和英國)的版權法例也有類似的條文。有關條例草案會擴大刑網的指稱並無根據。 總結 條例草案並無針對二次創作的條文,也沒有改變界定盜版活動的刑事和民事法律責任所採用的準則。今天在網上不構成刑責的行為,在新法例下同樣不會招致刑責。網上表達自由的空間並不會受影響。 在制訂是次立法建議時,我們已致力確保能在維持網上資訊自由流通、保障個人私隱、推動香港發展成為區內互聯網樞紐,以及保護版權之間取得合理平衡。 商務及經濟發展局 |
Posted: 19 Apr 2012 09:51 PM PDT 1971年9月13日凌晨,一架标有五星红旗的三叉戟1E-256型飞机,在蒙古境内距离中蒙边境360公里的温都尔汗坠毁,机上8男1女当场死亡。中国大陆官方宣布,这些死者是叛国投敌。最大死亡者是毛泽东的接班人、最忠实的部下林彪,全球因此一片哗然。 然而,1960年代蒋介石就断言林彪不会忠于毛泽东。这基于抗战时林彪在他面前的直言不讳,而且蒋手里也确实握有一份有关林彪所述意见的长篇报告。 助毛催生文革的林彪,1969年在《中国共产党章程》中被定位为"毛泽东同志的亲密战友和接班人",然而两年后林彪在机毁人亡后被定性为"投敌叛国,自取灭亡"。短短两年间的毛林权斗,恰是极权中国的权斗缩影。 据人民网报导,远在台湾 …… |
Posted: 19 Apr 2012 09:49 PM PDT ![]() 香港教育劇場論壇(TEFO)為藝發局資助團體,現誠聘計劃主任。 入職條件/職責概要: (申請人所提供的資料將予保密及只作招聘有關職位用途) |
Posted: 19 Apr 2012 10:18 PM PDT |
Posted: 18 Apr 2012 09:00 AM PDT 坐车背景、、gegegeg、、一位盲人打车,至下车计价器显示11.4元,老司机把他扶至小区保安处,只说,我不收你钱是因为我比你挣钱容易。从小区内走出一斯文大叔,上车,一路畅谈,至下车计价器显示14.5,下车时掏出30道:这钱还有刚才那位的,我也不伟大,但挣钱比您也容易点,就希望您继续做好事吧。。 顶5532:: 拍-248:: 183条评论 初中的时候同桌是一个非常漂亮文静的女孩子,从初一初三我们一直是同桌,我整整暗恋她三年,后来她高中就去外地读了,一直因为没有联系方式而几年没有联系,今天她居然到我们公司来上班了!我看到她几乎不敢相信自己的眼睛,她还是那样的文静优雅,看到我她似乎也十分惊讶,我走过去直接抱住了她,那一瞬间眼泪差点流了出来,她脸红着推开我说:呵呵,你也在这里上班啊"下午约她出去吃了次饭,了解到她还没有男朋友!明天我就要向她表白了,求祝福!! 顶4595:: 拍-263:: 204条评论 和他在一起十年,今天正式办理了离婚手续,两岁女儿跟我,我会竭尽全力让我的宝宝女儿快乐长大的,三十岁的我恢复单身,我会勇敢的好好的生活下去,请大家给我一个爱的鼓励,好吗? 顶5141:: 拍-893:: 176条评论 本人苦逼消防员一名。。有次出警。。火势大。。我们去厨房把煤气罐先弄走。别的负责救人灭火。到了厨房正准备拆下来。。结果热水管受不了高温突然爆裂。。可怜我们俩苦逼抢险服不防水。。烫的我们嗷嗷直叫唤到处乱跳还是要把煤气罐弄走。。不过人救出来了也控制住了现场。。 顶3926:: 拍-164:: 112条评论 是不是发帖真能涨人品??~~~ 顶3319:: 拍-253:: 64条评论 昨晚捡了一部苹果4 顶3108:: 拍-344:: 77条评论 本人苦逼消防兵一名,看到不少骂我们的,觉得挺冤的。------咯咯咯咯咯-------- 你们说我们横行霸道,可我们哪次横行霸道不是因为出警?说我们防火监督部门贪污受贿!可是如果所有单位都把消防设施和一切规定都按照标准来,还有谁会去查你? 顶2796:: 拍-186:: 233条评论 第一次发帖,不懂格式........哥就是传说.......总结发现,现在中国最牛的不是武警,不是军队,更不是那些二逼城管,而是中国渔船啊,同志们.跟日本人斗,跟韩国人打,跟菲律宾争,还抢帕劳的鱼,真是碉堡了 顶2687:: 拍-119:: 67条评论 一位盲人帅哥打车,至下车计价器显示11.4元,老司机把他扶至小区保安处,只说,我不收你钱是因为我比你挣钱容易。从小区内走出一斯文大叔,上车,一路畅谈,至下车计价器显示14.5下车时掏出30道:这钱还有刚才那位的,我也不伟大,但挣钱比您也容易点,就希望您继续做好事吧! 顶2889:: 拍-358:: 51条评论 作为一个26岁单身女屌丝,一个月至少有15天睡前手yin——还有更糗的吗?果断匿了 顶2835:: 拍-565:: 228条评论 糗事百科官方手机应用发布喽~ ![]() |
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